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The aim of the paper is an analysis of low flows – a phenomenon of persistent low water levels and flows in the riverbed – of the Vistula River at the Warszawa-Nadwilanówka gauging station. The study concerned the beginning of the 21st century, against the 1951–2000 period. In order to determine the low flows on the daily flows hydrographs, they were cut-off by the threshold level method. According to the adopted criterion, low flows are rather rare on the Vistula in Warsaw. The longest and most severe drought in terms of outflow deficit occurred in 1951. In the last years of the studied period (2003, 2012, 2015), droughts have reached a considerable sizes, but were no greater than the low flow observed in 1951. Since 1985 no winter low flows have been recorded.
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Transgenic plants - genetically modified food

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The analysis of changes undergoing in plant production and food industry enables concluding that food production in the XXIst century will additionally be based on genetically modified organisms. The article reports on general ideas concerning genetically modified organisms, selected transgenic plants and crop acreage planted to genetically modified plants in Poland and world wide. The government policy on transgenic food is analysed as well.
Efficiency of farm assets is a very important factor of competitive production. It could be in strong correlation with profitability of economic activities. One of the most important factor of the farm assets is the fixed assets, and as a part of it, the equipment as well. An important factor of the farm asset value is the machinery, which depends on the amount of internal resources of farms and external financial resources i.e. governmental subsidies, bank loans. But, as it could be observed during the 1980s and 1990s on the farms of developed countries, the technical development was also a considerable factor of farming. This paper, based on the data of the FADN, and yearbooks of the HCSO, focuses on the investigation of some figures of the European Union for capital efficiency between 1989 and 2004, and compares these experiences with the Hungarian changes on the farms during the 1990s.
Entrepreneurship is a growing phenomenon in the world markets. The article presents: essence, dimensions, components and choice models of entrepreneurship and the concept of strategic entrepreneurship. Within the entrepreneurship and strategic management domains there has been a movement by researches to combine certain aspects of both areas to create a new concept of strategic entrepreneurship.
In Poland, the demand and availability of high efficiency machines such as harvesters and forwarders has been increasing in the last decade. On the one hand, forestry needs technologies safe for the environment, soil, water, and people. On the other hand, Polish forestry investors and service companies are constantly buying both new and second-hand harvesters and forwarders. The main aim of this paper was to determine the actual number of machines currently used in Poland. The secondary objective was to describe the ownership structure of these machines. Information on the number of forest machines is very important for economic reasons. The Key Performance Indicator (KPI) informs us “where we are” and what tendency and trends we may expect. The number of forest machines needs to be monitored on a regular basis.
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Obesity, the pandemic of XXIst century

63%
A comprehensive review about the current situation in obesity and its consequences. The authors in the first parts of the paper define obesity, describe the methods for assessment of obesity and the amount of fat in the body and discuss the question if obesity itself is a disease or not. According to their view obesity is not a disease but a pathological condition caused by a disturbance of appetite regulation, as well as a gateway to many diseases. In the next part they present the most important data about the epidemiology of obesity in the world and in Europe. The consequences of obesity depend on the distribution pattern of the fat in the human body. Upper body obesity associated with visceral accumulation of fat is more dangerous as compared with mild gluteal obesity in young women. The subsequent chapters copmprise a simple overview of the pathogensis of obesity from the point of view of the energy metabolism and the genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors involved in the development of obesity. The consequences of obesity heavily increase health care and indirect economic costs in rich countries. The most important among these are type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseas, hypertension, stroke and gout. The treatment of obesity is often a troublesome and frutrating process both for health-care providers and the affected people. Therefore the psychological and social aspects of overeating are of crucial importance to understand obesity and to elaborate successful ways to prevent it.
Omówiono zmiany, którym będzie podlegać system Opracowywania Nowych Produktów w celu zaspokojenia zmieniających się wymagań konsumentów oraz czynniki warunkujące podejmowane działania w ramach tego systemu.
The economic forum currently sees the postulate of a multi-dimensional analysis of economic issues, as exemplified by behavioural and institutional economics, cliometrics, wikinomics and others – taking into consideration of the achievements of cultural anthropology, sociology, ethics, philosophy, the history of economics, as well as selected exact sciences, such as mathematics and physics. The redistribution economics, the relationship between capital and labour, the issues of the precariat, guaranteed minimum income for each citizen – both conditional and unconditional, which is a new idea for economy and the society – become more and more apparent in the aforementioned areas. The idea stems from the criticism of neoliberalism, and it interferes with the system of values shaped under capitalism, the role of the welfare state, the welfare system from the perspective of institutions and beneficiaries, who would replace their current privileges with inalienable rights. The author recommends unconditional minimum income upon providing a characteristic of a wide scope of postulated solutions, implemented on an experimental scale and applied in the practice of social policy. The monograph, while constituting the author’s moderate manifesto, provides a wide – in terms of time, authors and trends in economy – review of the standpoints on the participation in the national income.
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