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The knowledge of soil moisture spatial variability is an important issue for hydrological and climatic studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of soil water resources in a lowland basin. The area chosen for study is the Liwiec basin (left tributary of the Bug river), situated in central Poland. The analysis is based on field measurements of volumetric soil moisture conducted since 2009 till 2011. Soil moisture measurements were performed at six locations in the Liwiec basin. The measurements were carried out using a portable time domain reflectometer (TDR). Empirical soil moisture data was used to verify the hypothesis of temporal stability of soil moisture. The concept of temporal stability proposed in pedohydrology in the 80s of the twentieth century by G. Vachaud et al. (1985), presupposes the existence of the relationship between the soil moisture indicators at a point and the values representing the spatial averages. Assuming temporal stability of soil moisture in the Liwiec basin a method of evaluation of soil moisture spatial distribution has been developed based on field measurements and spatial data (i.e. DEM, digital agricultural soil map, forest digital map). Parameterization of the factors influencing the variability of soil moisture (topography, particie size distribution of soils and density of vegetation) was made based on the topographic wetness index (TWI). The modified TWI index was considered a static model of the spatial structure of soil moisture in the Liwiec basin. By integrating this spatial model and the results of field measurements, soil moisture maps were developed.
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Microsporidia are intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic infections in humans of various immunological status. Only a few case reports exist on microsporidial infection in solid organ transplant recipients worldwide. The presented study demonstrates the first case in Poland of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in a liver transplant patient. Parasites were diagnosed in stool samples using both modified trichrome staining and PCR.
Background & Aims: To date, no studies concerning the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis were published. Based upon characteristic of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis one can expect the coexistence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Methods: 26 patients aged 8 to 25 years with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis were included in the study. Molecular analysis of ABCB11 gene was performed in the vast majority of patients. In all patients Z-score for body weight and height, biochemical tests (bilirubin, bile acid concentration, fecal fat excretion) were assessed. In all patients hydrogen-methane breath test was performed. Results: On the basis of first hydrogen-methane breath test, diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was confirmed in 9 patients (35%), 5 patients (19%) had borderline results. The second breath test was performed in 10 patients: in 3 patients results were still positive and 2 patients had a borderline result. The third breath test was conducted in 2 patients and positive results were still observed. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant correlations between clinical, biochemical and therapeutic parameters in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and coexistence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Conclusions: Our results suggest that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is frequent in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Moreover, it seems that this condition has the tendency to persist or recur, despite the treatment.
 Autoimmune diseases due to probable common pathogenesis tend to coexist in some patients. Complex clinical presentation with diverse timing of particular symptoms and sophisticated treatment with numerous side effects, may cause diagnostic difficulties, especially in children. The paper presents diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls in a child with Graves' disease, celiac disease and liver function abnormalities.
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