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INTRODUCTION: The epidemiological and animal studies underline that composition of maternal diet (e.g., high fat diet, HFD) is associated with an increased susceptibility to several health problems in the adult offspring, including risk of a cluster of behavioral disorders such as depression. AIM(S): The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal HFD on the offspring phenotype assessed in locomotor activity study, forced swim test (FST) and cocaine self-administration. METHOD(S): Wistar rat dams were maintained ad libitum either on a special HFD (35% crude fat) or standard rodent chow during gestation and lactation (21 days). At postnatal day (PND) 27, the male and female litters were separated from their mother and were switched to a standard diet. Locomotor activity was recorded for 120 min at PND 28 and 63. At PND 34 the FST was performed. Moreover, at PND 63 male rats were introduced into two different cocaine self-administration protocols: 1) stable cocaine dose (0.5 mg/kg/inf.) with increasing schedule of reinforcement fixed ratio (FR) 1 to 5 or 2) increasing cocaine doses (0.25–1 mg/kg/inf.) and stable FR1. Following 10 extinction days, male rats were tested for the response reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by cocaine-priming dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and cue (tone+light). RESULTS: HFD group exhibited depressive-like phenotype, characterized by increased immobility time and decreased climbing in both tested time points what was not affected by the changes in basal locomotor activity. The HFD rats displayed an attenuation of the cocaine-associated lever presses and cocaine intake during the acquisition/maintenance of cocaine self-administration and lower response to relapse behavior evoked by cocaine priming or the drug-associated conditioned stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest the influence of maternal HFD on the offspring’s behavior, however underlying molecular mechanism requires further investigations. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by research grant UMO-2016/21/B/N24/00203 from the NCN (Poland).
Malignant glioblastomas are characterized by infi ltration of tumour tissue with brain macrophages that contribute to tumour progression through release a variety of growth factors, cytokines/ chemokines supporting tumor growth, invasion and the immune system evasion. Thus targeting of cytokine production, infi ltration and activation of macrophages may be a novel antitumor strategy. In the present study, we investigated an effectiveness and molecular mechanisms mediating antitumor effects of CsA in the murine glioma model. EGFP-GL261 glioma cells were injected into the striatum of C57BL/6 mice and tumor-bearing mice received CsA (2 or 10 mg/kg/i.p.) every 2 days from 2nd or 8th day after implantation. CsA-treated mice had signifi cantly smaller tumors than control mice. When the treatment was postponed to 8th day, only the higher dose of CsA was effective. CsA-treated mice showed a diminished number of tumor-infi ltrating, amoeboid brain macrophages. TUNEL staining revealed a DNA fragmentation mostly within infi ltrating macrophages after CsA treatment. At concentrations <10 μM CsA did not affect proliferation or viability of cultured glioma cells. Elevated IL-10 and GM-CSF levels were found in tumor-bearing hemisphere in comparison to naive controls and CsA treatment reduced signifi cantly cytokine levels. Our fi ndings demonstrate that CsA-induced decrease of cytokine production, infi ltration and activation of macrophages results in reduction of glioma growth and progression.
The efficacy of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), a member of endogenous tetrahydroisoquinolines, in cocaine- and food-maintained responding in self-administration procedures under a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement as well as in cocaine and food seeking behaviors in male Wistar rats was examined. The effects of 1MeTIQ on cocaine discrimination and on basal locomotor activity were also assessed. In rats trained to self-administered either cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/injection) paired with the cue (light+tone) or food under a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement, 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the cocaine-maintained responding, but did not alter the food-maintained responding. 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) decreased the cocaine seeking behavior reinstated by a noncontingent presentation of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but altered neither behavior reinstated by a discrete cue (tone+light) nor food-induced reinstatement. In rats trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg) from saline in water-reinforced fixed ratio 20 task, pretreatment with 1MeTIQ resulted in neither substitution nor significant alterations in the cocaine (1.25 - 10 mg/kg)-induced discriminative stimulus effects. 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) did not produce also a significant changes in basal horizontal activity. In conclusion, our present results outline a significance of exogenously applied 1MeTIQ in attenuating drug-evoked relapses to cocaine as well as the direct rewarding properties of cocaine (that model the cocaine-induced "high"), but not cocaine subjective effects. Moreover, a dissociation between effects of 1MeTIQ on cocaine vs. food-maintained responding was demonstrated.
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