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The paper deals with the result of research on microorganisms colonizing leaves, stalks and leaf sheaths of the common reed (Phragmites australis). The studies were carried in 2010–2011. In each vegetation season the samples of morbid common reed were taken from the littoral zone around Płociowe Lake and Zdroje Lake in Drawa National Park (threefold from June till October). It was stated that the heterogeneity of phytopathogen and saprotrophic fungi and fungus-like organisms (FLO) amounted to 38 taxa. The symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis on the reed were non-specific (length from 1 to 300 mm and width from 1 to 35 mm) and connected with the occurrence of different etiological factors, individually and in complexes: Stagonospora, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Deightoniella arundinacea, Scirrhia rimosa. Among the isolated species, the most frequent were: Alternaria alternata, Cephalosporium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Deightoniella arundinacea, Fusarium semitectum, Hymenopsis trochiloides and Phoma arundinacea. They were found on the reed from both lakes, in each year of research. The similarity species coefficient of micobiota for the reed of both lakes was 45.62%.
Studies on parasitism in zooplankton and periphyton assemblages were carried out on samples of water collected from Lakes Płociczno and Płociowe in the Drawa National Park in 2008-2011. Occurrence of the fungal mycobiotal and protozoan parasites of invertebrates was recorded in both lakes. Parasitism of Chydorus sp. (Cladocera) by Saprolegnia sp. occurred on 0.8% of individuals of the host population, of Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera) by Microsporidium sp. on 1.2% of the host population, and of Nematoda members by Pythium sp. on 5% of the host population. Parasites were recorded only in springtime.
All morphological parts of sweet flag (calamus), particularly rhizomes are used not only as a herbal material, but also in confectioner and cosmetic industry. Both quantity and quality of the material which may be obtained exclusively from natural stands are determined by the fungi accompanying the plant’s vegetation. Hence, in the years 2005−2006 research was conducted to determine the diversity of mycobiota which induce chlorosis and necrosis of calamus leaves. It was found that phyllospherae of calamus is colonized by 24 taxa. Ramularia aromatica and Ascochyta acori were the two most often isolated monophagous agents of necrosis. Polyphagous facultative parasites included Fusarium sporotrichioides and Epiccocum nigrum, Alternaria alteranta and A. tenuissima. It is also important that there was the discovery of the presence of Athelia rolfsii and Fusarium incarnatum which are polyphagous species causing destruction of the tissue in tropical and subtropical climate. Due to biochemical activity of most of the isolated species and their ability to induce production of toxins, the content of active substances in calamus may be reduced and consequently diminishes its market value.
Cultural layers from early medieval strongholds in Pszczew and Santok have been examined for the presence of pollen grains and spores as well as residues of fungi. The presence of the following remains has been recorded: fossil hyphopodia of Gaeumannomyces, teliospores of Puccinia, spores of Bipolaris, Thecaphora and Tilletia, teliospores of the genus Urocystis, Ustilago and Uromyces, ascocarps (perithecium) of the Ascomycota or the pycnidium of Sphaeropsidales. A greater diversity and abundance of fungi spores sensu lato was recorded in Santok, as compared to Pszczew. Both early medieval sites recorded a significant proportion of cereal pollen, including Secale cereale. It remains an undisputed fact that the grains and other plants collected in both strongholds were strongly infected with fungi. The analysis of the cultural layers for the presence of fungi remains provides significant data on the presence of certain species of plants and their growth conditions in natural environments and in agriculture.
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