W artykule podano zasady sprawdzania stanu granicznego HYD – hydraulicznego unoszenia cząstek gruntu zgodnie z zaleceniami Eurokodu 7 i przykłady obliczeń projektowych dla różnych warunków filtracji wody przez zapory ziemne. W obliczeniach siedmiu schematów filtracji wody do określenia sił filtracji wykorzystano siatki hydrodynamiczne (filtracyjne) wykreślone za pomocą programu AutoCAD. Poza tym, w sprawdzaniu stanów granicznych HYD zastosowano metodę zaproponowaną przez Terzaghiego i Pecka (1961). Wyniki obliczeń wskazują na konieczność podania w załączniku krajowym Eurokodu 7 warunków stosowania wzorów podanych w Eurokodzie 7 jako równorzędne.
Electrical resistivity measurement is being used increassingly to asses phisical properties of soils and other porous materials. Recent application of this method to geotechnical and environmental site characterization has generated a wide collection of new apparatus for estimating soil electrical resistivity (Abu-Hassanein et al. 1996, Fukue et al. 2001, Sreedeep et al. 2004, McCarter et al. 2005). This study demonstrates the efficiency of electrical resistivity measurements in laboratory investigations. Electrical data from laboratory tests permitted to estimate porosity of sandy soils and shown that investigated sand samples obey Archie’s law.
A number of factors are known to influence the hydraulic conductivity (K) of soils. While a large number of laboratory and field methods have been developed over the years, most of them are applicable mainly for the measurement of hydraulic properties in saturated soils. Moreover, those methods omit such factors affecting hydraulic conductivity as soil volume changes (swelling or shrinkage) and external load simulating the location of the soil tested. The purpose of this paper is to present direct and simple methods for estimation of hydraulic properties, mainly conductivity of unsaturated soils. The methods proposed are based on evaluation of soil-water potential and water outflow from a soil sample. The test methods allow the 1- and 3-dimensional stress states of the soil and pore-fluid to be monitored. The procedure allows also to monitor the changing soil moisture using the TDR technique. The modified apparatus (triaxial apparatus, consolidometer and tempe pressure cell), soils and procedures are described first, and then the results of tests are presented and reviewed. Interpretation of test results is made using the Multi-step method. Results obtained showed that the stress states simulating the location of soil affected the hydraulic parameters significantly. The test results confirmed the usefulness of the methods proposed for testing the porous medium with the geometrical changes of soil (swelling/shrinkage) considered.