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The article analyses excitations of a multihull vessel using stochastic formulation. The excitations which make the vessel move come from the motion of sea waves and the action of wind. The sea undulation has most frequently the form of irregular waves, and that is why it is assumed in many studies of sea-going vessel dynamics that the undulation process has probabilistic nature. In the article the dynamics of a multihull vessel is analysed using a linear model on which an irregular wave acts. It was assumed that the examined object interacts with the head sea, and for this wave a set of state equations was derived. The head sea provokes symmetric movements of the object, i.e. surge, heave and pitch
This paper concerns dynamic behaviour of multihull floating unit of catamaran type exposed to excitations due to irregular sea waves. Dynamic analysis of multihull floating unit necessitates, in its initial stage, to determine physical model of the unit and next to assume an identified mathematical model. Correctly elaborated physical models should contain information on the basis of which a mathematical model could be built. Mathematical models describe mutual relations between crucial quantities which characterize a given system in time domain. The dynamic analysis of multihull unit was performed under assumption that the unit’s model has been linear and exposed to action of irregular sea waves. Mathematical model of such dynamic system is represented by state equations. The formulated equations take into account encounter of head wave which generates symmetrical motions of the unit, i.e. surge, heave and pitch. For solving the equations the following three wave spectra were taken into consideration:- ISSC (International Ship Structures Congress) spectrum- Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum- Paszkiewicz spectrum
Hairy root lines through the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (A4) were established from shoot tips and leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. Ten lines of hairy roots were selected on the basis of biomass increase in half-strength Gamborg medium (½ B5). Transgenic status of the roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using rolB and rolC specific primers. Iridoid glycosides (catalposide, loganin, aucubin and catalpol) and phenylethanoid glycosides (verbascoside and isoverbascoside) identified using HPLC–ESI–MS, and their contents were compared with untransformed root culture and roots of 1-year-old field-grown plants of R. glutinosa by RP-HPLC. The growth and production of secondary metabolites in ten hairy root lines varied considerably as to the media. Woody plant (WP) medium displayed higher growth in terms of fresh (FW) and dry weights (DW) compared to ½ B5 medium. High-yielding hairy root lines produced higher amounts of loganin, catalposide, verbascoside and isoverbascoside in comparison to the untransformed root culture and roots of 1-year-old field-grown plants. The highest amounts of catalposide and loganin in transformed roots were 4.45 mg g⁻¹ DW (RS-2 hairy root line) and 4.66 mg g⁻¹ DW (RS-1 hairy root line), respectively. Aucubin and catalpol were detected in some lines in trace amounts. The highest amounts of verbascoside (16.9 mg g⁻¹ DW) and isoverbascoside (3.46 mg g⁻¹ DW) were achieved in RS-2 root line. The contents of catalposide, verbascoside and isoverbascoside in high-producing lines were several times higher than in untransformed root culture and roots of R. glutinosa plants grown in soil. Loganin and aucubin could not be detected in roots of fieldgrown plants. However, the levels of catalpol were much lower in the in vitro roots.
Transformed roots of Panax quinquefolium were obtained after inoculation of sterile parts of plantlets from field cultivation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834. Hairy roots grew in shaken flasks with liquid Gamborg medium supplemented with 30 g saccharose l⁻¹. Effective scale-up of a root culture was achieved in nutrient sprinkle bioreactor. Growth of biomass in shaken flask and in bioreactor increased 10-times and 5-times, respectively. Ginsenoside content exceeds 3 mg/g d.w. in flasks and 6 mg/g d.w. in bioreactor.
Centaurium erythraea plants obtained by indirect organogenesis are described in the paper. The plants were initiated from a single adventitious shoot regenerated from callus derived from the cotyledon of a 30-day-old seedling. The shoot was multiplied on MS medium supplemented with IAA (0.1 mg·L-1) and BAP (1.0 mg·L-1). The multiplication rate (28 shoots per culture within 4 weeks) was highest at the first subculture and decreased in further subcultures. The shoots were rooted on MS medium. The effect of IBA (0.1 mg·L-1) on the number of shoots forming roots differed depending on the composition of the basal medium (MS). The rooted shoots were transplanted to soil and grown in a greenhouse with 90% effectiveness. RAPD analysis was done with adventitious shoots of C. erythraea from in vitro culture. In shoots and whole plants regenerated from the callus tissue, secoiridoid content was determined by the HPLC method. We showed significant differences in morphology (leaf size, fresh and dry weight and height of plants) and changes in the DNA profiles as compared to earlier reports for shoot tip-derived shoots and plants of C. erythraea, but the two groups of plants biosynthesized the same qualitative pattern and similar levels of secoiridoids, up to 150 mg·g-1 dry weight; the increased biomass of plants regenerated from callus tissue makes them a better source of secondary metabolites.
The study showed that the picocyanobacteria community of the Great Mazurian Lakes system (GML) was dominated by phycoerythrin-rich (PE) ecotypes and demonstrated a gradual decrease of the ratio between PE and phycocyanin-rich (PC) ecotypes. The Great Mazurian Lakes offer better conditions for the PE ecotype than for the PC one, despite the considerably high trophic status, probably thanks to low turbidity and attenuation of light in the water column. The successful isolation of PE and PC picocyanobacteria was achieved by two methods: the classic plate method and a modified flow-cytometry method. The modified flow-cytometry method proved to be superior: being more selective for PE picocyanobacteria as well as less time consuming and less laborious. The modifications introduced to the method, such us concentration of cyanobacterial cells by centrifugation to the density required by the flow cytometer, did not hinder the isolation while allowing to skip an intermediate phase of enrichment cultures that had been formerly proposed. The first phylogenetic analyses based on cpcBA operon and 16S rRNA gene demonstrated that picocyanobacteria isolates from GML could, with a high bootstrap support, be grouped into five and four clusters, respectively. Based on a cpcBA-IGS analysis and IGS length the study suggests that at least one of the clusters is new and has not been previously described.
A genetic transformation method using Agrobacterium rhizogenes was developed for Harpagophytum procumbens. The influence of three factors on hairy root formation was tested: bacterial strains (A4 and ATCC 15834), various types of explants and acetosyringone (AS) (200 µM). The highest frequency of transformation (over 50% of explants forming roots at the infected sites after 6 weeks of culture on Lloyd and McCown (WP) medium) was achieved using a combination of nodal stem explants and A. rhizogenes strain A4. The addition of 200 µM AS to root induction medium was found to enhance hairy root induction but its effect varied depending on bacterial strain and explant type. Three of the most vigorously growing hairy root clones of H. procumbens were chosen and analyzed for accumulation of iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides. The transgenic nature of these root clones was confirmed by PCR amplification; they were positive for rolB and rolC genes. Harpagoside, verbascoside and isoverbascoside were identified by HPLC and LC–ESI-MS as the major compounds from all analyzed hairy root clones. The Hp-3 root clone showed the higher harpagoside content (0.32 mg g⁻¹ dry wt.) compared with other analyzed transformed and non-tuberized untransformed roots of H. procumbens. However, the level of the compound in the hairy root clone was lower than that detected in a sample of commercially available root tubers of H. procumbens. The Hp-3 root clone also produced high amounts of verbascoside and isoverbascoside (8.12 mg g⁻¹ dry wt. and 9.97 mg g⁻¹ dry wt., respectively) comparable to those found in root tubers.
We compared the biochemical profiles of Physalis ixocarpa hairy roots transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC and A4 strains with non-transformed root cultures. The studied clones of A4- and ATCC-induced hairy roots differed significantly; the latter showed greater growth potential and greater ability to produce secondary metabolites (tropane alkaloids) and to biotransform hydroquinone to arbutin. We compared glucose content, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity, and L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. We analyzed markers of prooxidant/antioxidant homeostasis: catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, oxidase, glutathione peroxidase and transferase activity, and the levels of ascorbate, glutathione, tocopherol and lipid peroxidation. We found that transformation induced strain-specific regulation, including regulation based on redox signals, determining the rate of allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources to secondary metabolism pathways. Our results provide evidence that A. rhizogenes strain-specific modification of primary metabolites contributed to regulation of secondary metabolism and could determine the ability of P. ixocarpa hairy root clones to produce tropane alkaloids and to convert exogenously applied hydroquinone to pharmaceutically valuable arbutin. Of the studied parameters, glucose content, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and alanine aminotransferases activity may be indicators of the secondary metabolite-producing potential of different P. ixocarpa hairy root clones.
We have studied the influence of 50 sulfate/selenate ratios in the range of 2; 1.5; 1; 0.5; 0 mM/0.125; 0.25; 0.375; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 mM on biomass growth, glucosinolate biosynthesis and selenium accumulation in T. majus and A. caucasica transformed roots producing Phe-derived glucotropaeolin and Met-derived glucoiberverin, respectively. Gradual decrease in glucosinolate production, more significant in glucoiberverin, was correlated both with the decrease in sulfate and increase in selenate concentrations and with increasing Se accumulation in the biomass of the roots. Both T. majus and A. caucasica transformed roots accumulated high amounts of Se in biomass, up to 2177 ± 81.7 µg·g⁻¹ DM and 3110 ± 97.4 µg·g⁻¹ DM, respectively, in the media with sulfate 0.5; 0 mM/selenate 2.5 mM ratios. In transformed roots cultured at sulfate 1.5; 1; 0.5; 0 mM/selenate 0.75; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 mM ratios accumulation of Se into glucosinolate fractions occurred, it reached the maxima at sulfate 0.5 mM/selenate 2.5 mM ratio. In T. majus roots Se accumulation in glucosinolate fraction was by about 50% lower than in A. caucasica ones. These results indicated that selenium enriched hairy roots of T. majus and A. caucasica could be fully controlled sources of both glucosinolates and selenium as supplements for cancer chemoprevention.
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