The aim of researches was aimed at determining the influence of natural factors, altitude, slope and climatic conditions on yield - producing effect of nitrogen of mountain grassland. The research was carried out in four field experiments in the years 1987-90 in representative conditions for the Sudety Mountains, as regards above - mentioned factors. Two experiments were set up in the 400 - 500 m a.s.l., two next 600-700 m a.s.l. In each zone, one of the experiments was in flat area, the other one on the slope. Simulated grazing utilization was used, and the following fertilization rates: 100 kg/ha P₂O₅ and 60 kg/ha K₂O in spring and three nitrogen levels: 100,150 and 200 kg/ha were applied. Mean annual yields in the research period were: 4,91 t/ha DM in the lower zone and 4,57 t/ha DM in the higher zone. 200 m difference in altitude caused decrease of yields, on the average 0,34 t/ha. Slope affected yields more substantially. In the lower zone difference in favour of flat area was 1,36 t/ha DM, whereas in the higher zone yields were higher by 0,54 t/ha DM on the slope. Increasing level of nitrogen input gave significantly higher yields on the lower zone site and in the flat area in the higher zone.
Celem pracy była analiza realizacji „Programu rolnośrodowiskowego” (PR) do 2012 r. w powiecie wałbrzyskim. Ocenie poddano również efekty środowiskowe na przykładzie wartości przyrodniczych łąk i pastwisk użytkowanych zgodnie z wymogami Programu. Z analizy wynika, że skala przestrzenna przedsięwzięć Programu nie przekraczała 25% powierzchni użytków rolnych powiatu. Najpopularniejsze pakiety dotyczyły utrzymania i ochrony użytków zielonych (30% ich powierzchni w powiecie). Łąki i pastwiska użytkowane zgodnie z wymogami tych pakietów charakteryzują się duża różnorodnością botaniczna, obecnością gatunków chronionych i niewielkim udziałem gatunków inwazyjnych. Mankamentem PR dotychczasowych edycji w aspekcie gospodarowania w terenach górskich jest brak działań ukierunkowanych na prośrodowiskowe, ekstensywne systemy chowu zwierząt.
Ponieważ bydło jest największym konsumentem pasz z użytków zielonych, uznaje się, że ten gatunek zwierząt może być z powodzeniem wykorzystany do ochrony przyrodniczo cennych fitocenoz. Ich spasanie jest efektywnym sposobem ( narzędziem) ochrony i stabilizacji zbiorowisk roślinnych położonych w różnych warunkach siedliskowych. Musi być jednak prowadzone określonym sposobem dostosowanym do danych siedlisk i pokrywających je zbiorowisk roślinnych. Zwierzęta - poruszając się po spasanym terenie - wpływają na zbiorowiska roślinne przez selektywne zgryzanie różnych gatunków, ugniatanie wierzchniej warstwy gleby oraz pozostawiane odchodów, które użyźniając siedlisko stymulują rozwój jednych gatunków ograniczając rozwój innych. Siedliska związane z użytkami zielonymi, a wykazane w Dyrektywie Siedliskowej, w większości można użytkować pastwiskowo.
The hypothesis of the research is based on the concept that possibilities and needs of grassland renovation in the Sudety Mountains depend on natural factors. Natural factors were divided into topographic and soil. Topographic factors comprised altitude, slope and exposition. The most important soil factors were profile depth and skeleton. The characteristic of the area was carried out on the basis of author's own research and literature data. It was found that grassland renovation is strongly constrained on areas located above 600 m a.s.l. on the slopes with the inclination over 12° with south exposition and shallow skeletal soils. Plant communites which consist mainly of low-quality plants are in need of renovation. Improvement of botanical composition of swards in the Sudety Mountains should be treated as one of elements of sustainable grassland management in the area. The following measures should be taken into account: • excluding the appropriate areas from agricultural use and their afforestation; • valorisation with the possibility of botanical composition improvement by fertilising, efficient utilisation, complementary seeding and reseeding.
The paper presents the characteristics of Sudeten grasslands (species composition, floral diversity and habitat parameters) from the perspective of diversified management. On the sites examined, hay meadows were found with Arrhenatheretum elatioris, variant with Trisetum flavescens and pastures of Lolio-Cynosuretum. Mowing and grazing promoted floristic diversity. There were few grass species. On the sites examined, the share of tall grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis) was high. There were many species of dicotyledons (including leguminous plants). The pasture was characterized by a larger quantity of total grasses, with a larger share of low grasses (Cynosurus cristatus, Trisetum flavescens, Festuca rubra and Agrostis capillaris) along with grazing species (Trifolium repens, Alchemilla monticola, Carum carvi and Leontodon autumnalis). Both meadow and pasture were dominated by ground-level budding plants (hemicryptophytes) with a share of about 80%. Differences occurred in remaining life forms: the meadows contained larger quantities of one-year plants (terophytes). Dominating in both cases were species of plants preferring moderate light (76 to 79%). However, meadows contained more species requiring full light, and pastures contained more numerous species growing in partial shade. Pastures contained slightly more species with high water requirements. These species grew mainly in moist areas. Meadows had a greater share of mesotrophic species, pastures had a greater share of eutrophic species.