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Neuroendocrine control of metabolic homeostasis in Polish centenarians

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Neuropeptides play a pivotal role in the control of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the release of neuropeptides involved in the control of energy homeostasis in relation to metabolic status in aging humans. The study group consisted of 183 women: 75 centenarians (above 100 yrs old), 26 elderly women (below 70 yrs), 45 younger women (mean 26 yrs) and 37 obese women (mean 41.6 yrs). Fasting plasma concentration of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin active, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and insulin were measured. Our results showed several differences in the metabolic and neurohormonal status in the centenarian group. The incidence of hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia was lower compared with obese women. Leptin and NPY concentrations were significantly lower than in elderly and obese subjects. Moreover, NPY level was higher than that in the younger group. Plasma adiponectin values were higher than in any of the other group. Insulin levels were significantly lower compared with the young and obese groups. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between adiponectin and HOMA-IR, and adiponectin and insulin. Ghrelin active concentrations were significantly lower compared with the young subjects. However, ghrelin levels were higher than in obese subjects. We conclude that altered neuropeptide activity in centenarians may play a role in the mechanisms contributing to prolonged survival.
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Cortistatin and pituitary hormone secretion in rat

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Cortistatin (CST), a novel neuropeptide, shows high structural homology and functional resemblance with somatostatin. CST binds with high affinity to all somatostatin receptors, and contrary to somatostatin, is also able to bind with MrgX2 and GH secretagogue receptor of ghrelin (GHS-R1) receptors. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate in vivo the effect of peripheral administration of cortistatin on pituitary hormone release in comparison with somatostatin (SS) treatment. Adult male rats used in the experiment, were given peripheral injection of cortistatin, somatostatin or vehicle. Blood was withdrawn 60 and 120 minutes thereafter. We found short lasting significant decrease of GH concentration as a result of administration of CST and SS when compared with saline injected controls. Prolactin levels were increased 60 min after cortistatin but not to somatostatin injection. There was no effect of CST on both LH and FSH concentration; however, SS administration influenced gonadotropin secretion. We conclude that cortistatin play a regulatory role in pituitary secretion. Moreover, some differences have been found when compared cortistatin to somatostatin. Thus, when analyzing the mechanism of cortistatin activity it is worth to consider the effect of binding with receptors of somatostatin, specific receptor for CST (MrgX2) and GHS-R.
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