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This review summarises the research projects that have been conducted with the goal of mapping the apple (Malm x domestica) genome. The generation of apple linkage and physical maps, which was started at the end of the 20th century by many scientific teams, has resulted in rich data useful for further fundamental and applied studies. The mapping efforts mainly contained the choice of mapping populations as well as the choice of types and number of markers. Over the years, scientists have achieved major successes and faced major obstacles. Many economically important traits have been mapped in the apple genome, which has a total length of 2000 cM. The recently published integrated genetic and physical maps summarise the data and will be helpful to modem breeding programs, with a special focus on resistance to various diseases, as well as on fruit quality and other desired apple traits.
Three SCAR and two SSR molecular markers located on Lg 3 and Lg7 were used for early selection of apple genotypes. The purpose of the selection was to find a potential donor for resistance to fire blight (FB) in an apple breeding programme. This study was carried out on 35 breeding clones, and registered cultivars originating from seven countries. They were all characterized as having different levels of sus­ceptibility to FB in field conditions. The number of generated markers varied from 1-2 to 4-5, depending on the genotype. For the majority of the tested genotypes, strong interactions were observed between data concerning plant behaviour in the field and the presence/number of DNA markers. For nine genotypes, however, correla­tions between phenotypic and molecular study were not found with selected QTLs.
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