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The content of four phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in air, soil, plants, organic films, and water of the arid city of Changji, China, was investigated and the concentration distribution and fate was simulated using a multimedia urban model (MUM). Analysis indicated that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with the dominant being DBP and DEHP. The mean PAE concentrations of air, soil, plants, organic films, and water was 5.54×10-7 g/m3, 1.09×10-2 g/m3, 6.57×10-2 g/m3, 0.28 g/m3, and 9.84×10-2 g/m3, respectively. By using MUM, we found that the total residues of PAEs in each environmental medium was 2.61×107 g. The regularity of concentration distribution was organic films > sediment > plants > water > soil >air, and the regularity of total amount distribution was air > soil > water > sediment > plants > organic films. The regularity showed that air and soil were the main sink of PAEs (up to 99.59% of total mass). The reliability of the model was verified by the agreement between the measured and calculated concentrations
SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) is a vital flowering signal integrator to promote flowering, which is inhibited by a MADS-box transcription factor, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). However, it remains elusive about how SOC1 interacts with SVP in flowering pathways of Brassica juncea. Here, B. juncea SOC1 (BjuSOC1) gene was cloned and it expressed differently between stem apexes and leaves during the low-temperature vernalization and long-day photoperiod pathways. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays indicated that BjuSOC1 directly interacted with BjuSVP in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, further studies indicated that mutants of BjuSOC1K108V, BjuSOC1R109L, BjuSOC1C137K could no more interact with BjuSVP, and BjuSVPR137L also led to loss of the protein interaction. It suggested that the 108th, 109th, and 137th of BjuSOC1 and 137th of BjuSVP regulated the protein interactions between BjuSOC1 and BjuSVP. The results provided valuable information for further study on the control of flowering time in B. juncea.
After a series of stresses, detached plant organs such as leafy vegetables and cut flowers begin to appear declining in quality and then finally senescence. Comprehending, plants’ response to multiple stresses may result in new opportunities to extend the shelf life of postharvest. We investigated physiological responses of Arabidopsis plants after harvest and analyzed global gene transcription in dark-stored detached Arabidopsis plants leaves (DSD). Detached darkened plants of Arabidopsis were stored for 12 h in airtight boxes. Multiple stresses caused a distinguished decrease in chlorophyll, protein content and premature senescence of leaves. The microarray analysis revealed that 852 transcripts were upregulated and 1004 transcripts were downregulated, respectively, more than twofold. A gene ontology test and biological process analysis suggested that activated genes were mostly associated with regulation of transcription, secondary metabolism, response to water deprivation, signal transduction, and other stress responses. Meanwhile, genes that were downregulated were involved in protein biosynthesis, protein folding, lipid catabolism, ribosome biogenesis and assembly, ATP binding, and photosynthesis. Gene expression analysis data suggested that the leaves of detached Arabidopsis plants responded to integrated stresses by regulating diverse gene expression in leaves.
Hybrid cells derived from stem cells play an important role in organogenesis, tissue regeneration and cancer formation. However, the fate of hybrid cells and their range of function are poorly understood. Fusing stem cells and somatic cells induces somatic cell reprogramming, and the resulting hybrid cells are embryonic stem cell-like cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that fusion-induced hybrid cells may behave like ES cells in certain microenvironments. In this study, human hepatic cells were induced to apoptosis with H2O2, and then co-cultured with hybrid cells that had been derived from mouse ES cells and human hepatic cells using a transwell. After co-culturing, the degree of apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin-V/PI double-staining analysis, flow cytometry and Western-blot. We observed that H2O2-induced cell apoptosis was inhibited by co-culture. In addition, the activity of injury-related enzymes (GSH-Px, LDH and SOD) and the level of albumin release in the co-culture system trended toward the level of normal undamaged hepatic cells. The stably increased levels of secretion of ALB in the co-culture system also confirmed that co-culture with hybrid cells helped in recovery from injury. The fate of the hybrid cells was studied by analyzing their gene expression and protein expression profiles. The results of RT-PCR indicated that during co-culturing, like ES cells, hybrid cells differentiated into hepatic lineage cells. Hybrid cells transcripted genes from both parental cell genomes. Via immunocytochemical analysis, hepatic directional differentiation of the hybrid cells was also confirmed. After injecting the hybrid cells into the mouse liver, the GFP-labeled transplanted cells were distributed in the hepatic lobules and engrafted into the liver structure. This research expands the knowledge of fusion-related events and the possible function of hybrid cells. Moreover, it could indicate a new route of differentiation from pluripotent cells to tissue-specific cells via conditional co-culture.
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