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Genetics in stroke can be considered in the following aspects: stroke in the course of inherited disorders, genetic risk factors of stroke and pharmacogenetics of stroke treatment and prevention. Although less than 1% of stroke cases are inherited, the ability to establish genetic diagnosis prevents such cases from exposure to unnecessary and potentially harmful therapeutic agents and diagnostic tests, allows introducing specific effective treatment and allows planning rational family counseling. The candidate gene approach is the most common way to study the significance of chosen genetic variants as risk factors of stroke. Unfortunately, only few genetic variants were shown to affect stroke risk in the independent replication studies. A novel approach, genome wide association studies, use the markers evenly spaced throughout genome without regard to their function or location and allows to find all genetic variants related to the disease. Because available data suggest that the effect on stroke risk is related to many genetic variants with small effect size, large number of cases and controls are required to find such risk variants. The up-data of international effort to find out genetic variants related to stroke risk will be discussed. Increasing data indicate that several genetic factors may determine response to stroke treatment by rtPA and its prevention by aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, statins and antihypertensive drugs. The perspective for the future of stroke genetics is the era of personalized prevention and therapy, where specific biochips will help stroke clinicians to decide on the best individual prevention program and treatment.
Background. Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important crop in many developing countries. Usefulness of protein isolates in the human nutrition and animal feeding have been also studied. Improvement of protein precipitation and fractionation efficiency by using different flocculants was the aim of this study. Material and methods. The polyelectrolytes Magnafloc LT-22 and Magnafloc LT-25 were tested in the process of coagulation and fractionation of protein from lentil protein extracts. Proteins were extracted from flour with 0.5 M NaCl in the 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.5 and 2 mM NaOH at ratio 1:10. Protein were coagulated at different pH (6, 5, 4, 3) using flocculants in three different concentration 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%. Samples were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results. Influence of extraction medium on the yield and quality of protein was visible. In all studied cases proteins were the most effective precipitated with Magnofloc LT-25. Application of different pH condition for coagulation caused fractionation of lentil protein. Gel electrophoresis of protein of all studied samples showed different molecular weight subunit patterns ranging from 8 to 102 kDa. Conclusions. Using of flocculants as coagulating factors allows obtaining a high concentrated protein isolates, however the yields of flocculation were determined by different extraction systems, concentration of flocculants and pH condition of process
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