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Physiological processes of plants can be modified by organic compounds called growth regulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected growth regulators: Moddus 250 EC, Bercema CCC and Flordimex 420 SL on the compactness of mixed lawn turfs, where the modifying element was the percentage of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) of the Inka cultivar. The study was conducted on the experimental plots of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52°10’ N; 22°17’ E) in 2003-2005. Application of growth regulators had a significant effect on the compactness of the tested lawn grass mixtures. The upward tendency was visible in the case of application of Bercema CCC. This growth regulator had the highest beneficial effect in the case of mixtures with 20% and 40% proportion of perennial ryegrass. The lowest degree of lawn compactness was observed for the mixture with 20% of perennial ryegrass after application of Flordimex. The interaction between percentage proportion of perennial ryegrass in mixtures and applied growth regulators had a significant influence on degree of grass compactness of the studied lawn grass mixtures.
In the report, the influence of applied plant growth regulators and weather conditions on the colour of perennial ryegrass cultivars was shown. The results were obtained on the basis of field experiments in which four cultivars of perennial ryegrass were used: Inka, Lisuna, Sabor, Figaro. Grasses were exposed to three plant growth regulators: Moddus 250 EC, Bercema CCC, Flordimex 420 SL. The experiment was conducted in the experimental plot of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52°10’ N; 22°17’ E) in 2003-2005. Tested cultivars of perennial ryegrass were characterized by a uniform colour, but statistically significant differences occurred between individual years of research. In the case of growth regulators, a trend related to reduction in the overall assessment of lawn colour was shown in the tested cultivars. The results obtained show that among growth regulators, Moddus had the strongest effect on the colour of the tested cultivars. It was proved that retardants applied differently affected the colour of lawns in individual months and years of the study.
The objective of the work reported here was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and the biodiversity of weed communities in potato cultivated in continuous cropping. A seven-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of 4 metribuzin rates and an uncontrol on weed infestation in successive years of continuous potato cultivation. The following indices were calculated: the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s indices of species diversity and the Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 33 species were recorded in the experimental plots. Echinochoa crus-galli was the dominant species. The most abundant segetal communities were observed in untreated plots. An application of the herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocenosis. Cultivation in continuous cropping increased the species number of the weed community in potato. The herbicide and cultivation in continuous cropping did not significantly affect the biodiversity indices but their values, to a great extent, confirmed the trends revealed by the analysis of weed infestation.
The paper presents an analysis of conditions affecting the tourist attractiveness of communes situated along the banks of the Krzna river. The aim of the study was to present the characteristics of tourist traffic recorded in the area of the communes through which the Krzna River flows. The objective of the work was to carry out multi-trait comparisons of communes located on the Krzna river in terms of tourist attractiveness, to determine factors which are the major source of differences between the communities analysed, and to group the communes with similar tourist attractions. The evaluation of commune tourist attractiveness in terms of tourist traffic intensity was based on basic indicators of tourism function (Baretje-Defert index, Schneider index and other) as well as selected variables describing the natural environment status of communes (forests and woodlands, area covered by water). The analysed data is for the year 2015 and comes from the Central Statistical Office of Poland Local Data Bank. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in order to determine multidimensional associations between the characteristics studied. The communes examined differed the most in terms of the characteristics which were the most strongly correlated with the first principal component (PC1). The communes were assigned to 3 groups with different tourist attractiveness properties based on cluster analysis. PCA made it possible to distinguish factors which were the strongest determinants of tourism conditions in the study area. Cluster analysis used to group communes is a useful tool to evaluate the potential of tourism development in communes
Increasing scope of the potential use of goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) causes a growing interest in this plant also in research. Due to the structure of the seed coat of goat’s rue, the seeds undergo scarification before sowing, which puts them at risk of pathogen infection. One of the more effective methods of disease prevention at the early developmental stages of plants is the application of chemical seed dressings, which may cause an increase in the proportion of dead seeds. Therefore, research on the response of goat’s rue seeds to the generally applied seed dressings is advisable. An experiment was set up to establish the germination energy and germinability, as well as the proportion of goat’s rue seeds (scarified or non-scarified) infected by fungi, treated with the following fungicides: Funaben T 480 FS, Raxil Gel 206 GF, Orius 02 WS, and Topsin M 500 SC. Goat’s rue seeds were obtained from a long-term experiment (years 2008-2010 only). After harvest and seed threshing, under laboratory conditions, energy and germinability, as well as the number of infected by pathogens and non-germinating goat’s rue seeds were determined. Observations were carried out after five and 14 days from the onset of germination. Analysis demonstrated that scarification increased seed germinability. Seed dressings did not affect the germination energy of non-scarified seeds, whereas scarified seeds displayed poorer germination energy in the first study season. Higher germinability was observed for treated versus untreated seeds, the differences between fungicides being significant only in 2008. It was also found that in the case of non-scarified seeds (after five days of germination), dressings did not diversify significantly the number of seeds infected by fungus diseases. After 14 days of germination, the number of seeds infected by fungi depended on the kind of dressing, season in which the seeds were collected, and the scarification process. Seeds, particularly the scarified ones, were best protected by dressings Funaben T 480 FS, Raxil Gel 206 GF, and Orius 02 WS.
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and weed community biodiversity in continuous wheat. A six-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of four chlorsulfuron rates in comparison with untreated (the control) plots, on the status and severity of weed infestation - in successive study years of cultivating winter wheat in monoculture. In addition, the following indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s index of biodiversity, and Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 36 weedy species were identified in the experimental plots. The richest segetal communities were established in the control plots. An application of herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocensosis. A short-term monoculture did not impoverish the species richness of the weed community established in winter wheat. The average number of species in the community was significantly greater in the second study year. In the initial study years of monoculture, the biodiversity of the segetal community increased markedly compared with rotation-based cultivation. The calculated indices of biodiversity were not significantly affected by herbicide rate or monoculture but the indices confirmed the trends outlined by an analysis of the status and level of weed infestation.
In the report, results of examination mixed turf grasses with different contains of perennial ryegrass (20–80%) was shown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of phytohormones on color mixed turf grasses. The results indicated that color of lawn was mostly depended on applied phytohormones. Unfavorable trend in the color change of lawn grasses was noted after applying phytohormones. Components of mixture did not had significant impact on this feature.
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