The Syrian Thymus cilicicus (Th. cilicicus) Boiss & Bal. and Thymus syriacus (Th. syriacus) Boiss chemical components were identified using GC-MS spectrometry. Sixteen constituents representing an average of 93.85% of the essential oil from Syrian Thymus cilicicus were characterized. The major average components in four collection rounds of Thymus cilicicus around the year were: thymol, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, carvyl acetate, dihydrocarvone and anis aldehyde. Eighteen components representing an average of 93.46% of the essential oil of Thymus syriacus were characterized. The major average components in four collection rounds of Thymus syriacus around the year were: carvacrol, dihydrocarvone, β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, farnesol, limonine, menthol, myrecene, γ-terpinene, terpinene- 4-ol and thymol. The integral antioxidant capacity of aqueous and essential oils extracts of both Thymus species: Th. syriacus and Th. cilicicus have been determined by means of a photochemiluminescence assay (PCL). The highest integral antioxidant capacity has been found for Th. syriacus and Th. cilicicus in Fahel mountain and Salah Aldin locations which have a value of total nmol equivalent per gram of dry material at 374.6 ± 0.94 and 475.80 ± 1.20 nmol TE/g DM, respectively.
Syrian flora is very well known of its diversity and richness. It contains a large number of medicinal and aromatic species. There are many different hawthorn Crataegus: sinaica, aronia, monogyna and azorolus available in Syria which is mainly located in the western and southern part of the country. Most of these Syrian species are used in folk and in traditional medical care. They are taken in the form of herbal tea to contradict cough, flu and cold. There is no any scientific information available on the antioxidant properties of Syrian hawthorn medicinal plant. Therefore, the assessment of such properties remains an interesting and useful task, particularly for finding a new natural source of antioxidants available in Syria. Therefore, the integral antioxidants, IA of Syrian hawthorn fruits and flowers in five different sites as ascorbic acid equivalents have been carried out using photochemiluminescence, PCL assay of measurements for the first time. By means of a PCL assay, it was possible to assess the integral antioxidant (IA ) using this accurate and simple method, the highest antioxidant capacity values of hawthorn as ascorbic acid equivalents were found in the fruits of Bi’r Al-ajam and Al-Haffa sites which have values of 1444.82 and 483.44 (nmol/g), for C. monogyna and C. aronia cataegus, respectively. The highest fractions of antioxidant components are mainly due to the existence of catechin and flavonoids in both Syrian hawthorn fruit and flowers. Other chemical constituents like elemicin, sorbistat, polygalitol and homocatechol are found in Syrian hawthorn fruit and flowers. The measured values are considered to be the highest among countries of the region.
The essential oil composition of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Composition of L. nobilis essential oil included large amounts of monoterpenes 85.90%, wheras in S. officinalis, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were represented by 57.3% and 41.7%, respectively. Fumigant toxicity of the essential oils was tested against larvae of Trogoderma granarium insect. Exposure to vapours of essential oil from bay laurel and sage for 48 h resulted in about 98% and 100% mortality of the larvae at a concentration of 60 and 90 μL/160 cm3 air, respectively. Essential oils of bay laurel showed a higher lethal activity than that of sage with LC50 values of 37.9 and 50.7b μL/L air, respectively, following a 48 h-exposure. These results showed that the essential oil from L. nobilis is potentially useful for management of T. granarium insects populations in stored products.
The essential oil extracts and antioxidant measurements of Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves as hydrophilic and hydrophobic existence species have been carried out. The plant leaves as a source of antioxidants was tested by the influence of its aqueous and essential oil extracts on the yield of PCL solution applying very sensitive and reliable method. By means of a PCL assay, it was possible to assess the total antioxidants capacity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic species existence in Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves. It has been found that the integral antioxidant capacity value of Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves was found in Kurdaha site which has a value of 465.67±1.18 TE/g DM. The following three main substances were found in the essential oil extracts: a-pinene, cineole and limonene.
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