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Stress caused by soil salinity and soil drought limits cotton productivity in China. To determine the tolerance levels of cotton, we assessed the effects of soil salinity and soil drought on the biochemical characteristics of the roots of two cotton cultivars (CCRI-44, salt-tolerant; Sumian 12, salt-sensitive). Specifically, we analyzed root biomass, fatty acid composition, antioxidative enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities. The cotton root biomass of the two cultivars declined significantly under conditions of soil salinity, soil drought, and the two stressors combined. The antioxidant enzyme activity of the roots also decreased markedly, which caused lipid peroxidation to increase, and changed the composition of the fatty acid membrane. H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and antioxidant enzyme activity decreased more under the two stressors combined. However, H2O2 content and O2 - generation increased under the two stressors combined, compared to each stressor separately. Overall, the combination of soil salinity and drought has a greater inhibitory effect and more harmful impact on root growth than each stressor separately. The higher tolerance of CCRI-44 to soil salinity and drought stress than Sumian 12 might be explained by differences in cotton root antioxidative enzyme activity. The lipid peroxidation levels of cotton roots might represent an important biochemical trait for stress tolerance.
Declining temperature and low light often appear together to affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and development. To investigate the interaction on fibre elongation, two cultivars were grown in fields in 2010 and 2011 and in pots in 2011 under three shading levels for three planting dates, and the differences of environmental conditions between different planting dates were primarily on temperature. Fibre length in the late planting date 25 May was the longest instead of the normal planting date. Late planting prolonged fibre elongation period and the effect of late planting on fibre length formation was greater than low light. In the normal planting date, shading increased fibre length through delaying the peak of β-1,3-glucanase gene expression and bringing the peak of β-1,3-glucan synthase gene expression forward, leading to a longer duration of plasmodesmata(PD) closure to increase fibre length, instead of changing sucrose contents or relate enzyme activities. However, in the late planting dates, the difference of the duration of PD closure between shading treatments was not obvious, but low light had a negative impact on sucrose contents, sucrose synthase (SuSy) and vacuolar invertase(VIN) activities during fibre rapid elongation period, leading to the decline of fibre length. Due to late planting and low light, the decreased extent of fibre length of Sumian 15 was larger than Kemian 1. Under the combined condition, Sumian 15 had a shorter gene expression of Expansin, and more sensitive sucrose content, VIN and SuSy activity during fibre rapid elongation period. This resulted in the length formation of Sumian 15 which was more sensitive than Kemian 1, when the cotton suffered the combined effects.
To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics in the subtending leaf of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) boll (LSCB), and their relationships with lint yield and fiber quality under cool temperature due to late planting, field experiments during 2009 to 2011 were conducted using two different cool temperature-tolerant cultivars, Kemian 1 (temperature-tolerate) and Sumian 15 (temperature- sensitive), at three planting date (25 April, 25 May and 10 June) in Nanjing (118º50'E, 4 32º02'N), China. First, the chlorophyll components in LSCB decreased with days post-anthesis, as well as soluble sugar content, amino acid content and C/N ratio. In addition, Pn, ΦPS II and Fv/Fm significantly decreased, indicating that Pn depression in LSCB was due to non-stomata closure. Second, under cool temperature due to late planting (from 25 April to 25 May and/or 10 June), Pn depression was due to stomata closure. Compared to Sumian 15, Kemian 1 demonstrated superior photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, under cool temperature, lint biomass and seed biomass significantly decreased in parallel with the lint distribution rate, seed distribution rate and lint/seed ratio, whereas carpel distribution rate increased. These changes under cool temperature led to low lint yield and fiber strength. According to CVs and variance among three planting dates, Sumian 15 was more sensitive to cool temperature than Kemian 1.
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