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The effect of the aluminium toxicity (1 and 5 mM of AlCl3) on the activity of the antioxidant en­zymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase), the oxidative lipid degradation and the functioning of photosynthesis were studied in two rye varieties - Dańkowskie Złote and Dańkowskie Rubin - differing in the level of Al tolerance. The antioxidant enzymes activities, even when determined in control plants, were significantly higher in Dańkowskie Złote classified as more Al-tolerant. Supplementation of aluminium in the nutrient solution elevated the level of antioxidants in leaves of both cultivars; however, it was presented here that the important element of the greater resistance to aluminium toxicity observed in Dańkowskie Złote is larger induction of the antioxidant enzyme activities. The efficient antioxidant defence system in this variety greatly prevented the harmful effect of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaf as demonstrated by lower level of lipid peroxidation in and higher photosynthetic capacity revealed by the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The results presented here con­firm that efficient antioxidant defence is an essential component of the resistance to environmental stresses conditions.
This is an analysis of the climate and energy policy of the European Union and its impact on the economic situation of Poland. The aim of the article is to show the direct impact of modern European Union policy in this area on the economic situation of states, in particular Central Europe. Simultaneously, we develop recommendations for the Polish and the European Union in terms of future climate and energy policy through the analysis of empirical data and practices followed by the European Union countries. The basis of the presented considerations and recommendations is a literature review of the studied subject and a statistical analysis of empirical data, which indicate the financial effectiveness of different energy sources and processes taking place in the world under the discussed issues.
W artykule przedstawiono przykładowy układ technologiczny oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych wysoko obciążonych ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń organicznych zastosowany w jednym z krajowych przedsiębiorstw przemysłu farmaceutycznego. Zawarto również eksperymentalne badania efektywności usuwania związków organicznych ze ścieków podczas beztlenowego oczyszczania w reaktorze typu UASB. Podczas oczyszczania ścieków w mezofilowych warunkach beztlenowych, przy założonym minimalnym progu redukcji ChZTCr wynoszącym 50%, stwierdzono, że obciążenie reaktora ładunkiem ChZTCr nie powinno przekraczać 3 gO2∙dm-3∙d-1.
Background: The main purpose of this study was to compare the physiological response and time-motion analysis of male and female soccer players during 4 vs 4 small-sided games. Material/Methods: Thirteen adult, professional, male and fifteen female soccer players, participated in the study. Small-sided games (4 vs 4) were performed in an interval format: 4 x 4 min, 2 min of active recovery. The distance covered by the players during small-sided games and heart rate responses were measured. Results: The average intensity during the small-sided games was between 89.4 and 90.6% HRmax in male and between 88.9 and 90.2% HRmax in female players. The total distance covered by the male soccer players during four bouts of small-sided games was significantly (p < 0.0009) longer. During subsequent games the distance covered by men was 24.7%, 24.2%, 25.5%, and 24.6% longer, respectively, than in women. Conclusions: The results of this study show that intensity (% HRmax) during 4 vs 4 small-sided games is similar in male and female soccer players. Both men and women covered a comparable distance at a speed below 4 m∙s⁻¹. In contrast, the distance covered with a speed exceeding the velocity of 4 m∙s⁻¹ was significantly longer in male soccer players.
Human neural stem cells play an important role in in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the sensitivity of neural stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-NSC) to methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), and its dependence on the type of interaction on cell membrane/biomolecule interface. MeHgCl is well known neurotoxin with documented adverse influence on human central nervous system (CNS) development. Cells were cultured in 96-well plates covered with different adhesive substrates or on Petri dishes microcontact-printed with biofunctional domains. The following biomaterials were used: poly-L-lysine, the synthetic compound, which allows to create electrostatic interactions with cells, or fibronectin and vitronectin, proteins of extracellular matrix, which create receptor mediated interactions between cells and the adhesive substrate. After the incubation with different concentrations of the neurotoxin, the cell viability, ability to proliferate, and to differentiate into neural precursors of HUCB-NSCs was measured with Alamar Blue assay and immunfluorescence stainings. High concentration of MeHgCl (1 µM) significantly decreased viability of cells and their ability to proliferate. The response of cells to the toxic effect of MeHgCl was different depending on the type of adhesive substrate. Domains covered with fibronectin or vitronectin, decreased significantly HUCB-NSC sensitivity to the neurotoxin when compared to poly-L-lysine. Our results suggest that receptor mediated interactions on cell membrane/biomolecule interface may be protective in neural stem cells’ response to certain neurotoxins. Supported by MSHE grant No 5978/B/P01/38 and NN 302663940
The purpose of this study was to present a time motion differences between Romanian and Polish young soccer players during 6 vs 6 small sided games. Young male football players from Schools of Sports Masters in Oradea (Romania) and Łódź (Poland) participated in the study. During the training session the players participated in four small-sided games 6 vs. 6 with goalkeepers (4 × 4 min, 3 min of active recovery). Heart rate responses and distance covered during small-sided games were compared. There were significant differences in the distance covered by both nationality players and age groups in reference to each intensity zone. Polish players coverd significantly longer distance compared with romanian soccer players. The results of motion abilities of young players from two countries with different training systems show that training programs can have a significant effect on adoptive abilities of the players.
The methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) is known to cause developmental neurotoxicity in humans. This neurotoxic reagent can induce cell death due to several cellular mechanisms including phosphorylation dependent pathways and disruption of microtubule assembly. The non transformed neural stem cell line obtained from human cord blood (HUCB-NSC) has been previously shown to be susceptible to MeHgCl in developmentally dependent manner. In this report we are trying to find out whether developmental sensitivity of HUCBNSC to MeHgCl depends upon the type of adhesive biomolecules in functional domains. Cell growth platforms microspotted with fibronectin, vitronectin and poly-L-lysine have been used to compare differentiation potential of HUCB-NSC into neuronal or astrocytic cells at various MeHgCl concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1 μM. Developmental decisions of HUCB-NSC whether to differentiate into neuronal or glial lineage were observed at non cytotoxic concentrations of MeHgCl and were dependent on the type of bioactive domain. Generally, adhesive domains protected HUCB-NSC from cytotoxic effect of MeHgCl, since on plastic surface even the lowest concentration of toxicant (0.05 μM) significantly diminish the cell number after 48 h of incubation time as shown by Alamar Blue assay. The same tendency was observed in the proliferation response as shown by Ki67 presence or BrdU incorporation. Supported by MSHE grant No. 2211/B/ P01/2010/38 and No. 5978/B/P01/2010/38, and European Commission Joint Research Centre NanoBioscience Action.
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