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The study was performed on lambs experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The presence of BLV antibodies in sera of infected animals was detected by agar gel immunodiffusion test and ELISA. Proviral DNA was detected by PCR and nested PCR. Dual-colour flow cytometry analysis was performed with the use of specific monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte CD markers and gp51 viral envelope protein, followed by incubation with fluorescent-labelled secondary antibodies conjugated with FITC or PE. Gp51 viral envelope protein was detected in tumours caused by BLV infection. The BLV infection resulted in depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes, increase in CD8+ lymphocytes, and decrease in CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in infected sheep. Proliferation of IgM+ CD19+ cells was also detected. These cells had an immature character without tendency to differentiate, and their vitality was prolonged. Flow cytometry enabled detection of gp51 expression in sheep blood lymphocytes at the early stages of the infection, before detection of serum antibodies using ELISA.
BLV is an agent of enzootic bovine leukaemia (EBL), an infectious disease affecting cattle worldwide. BLV infection has been associated with immune system disorders and discrepancies in the cytokine network. The significance of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of BLV infection is largely unknown, but considering their fundamental role in immune response it may be crucial. Dcs precursors were isolated with the use of immunomagnetic beads from BLV-infected and BLV-free cows. From these precursors cultures of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were generated with the use of a cytokine cocktail (IL-4 and GM-CSF). Additionally, parallel DCs from BLV-negative animals were infected in vitro. The level of cytokines: IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-12(p70) was determined in DC cultures: infected in vitro, originating from naturally infected cattle and BLV-free cattle. The investigation showed significant changes in almost all analyzed populations of BLV-infected Dcs. Cytokine profiles of blood MoDCs indicated activation of these groups during infection. In the case of spleen MoDCs and lymph node MoDCs a decrease in production of IL-12(p40) and IL-12(p70) in favour of IL-6 and IL-10 was noted, suggesting promotion of BLV infection development.
Dendritic cells were generated from the monocytes, which were separated from the blood with the use of monoclonal antibodies and immunomagnetic separation. The monocytes were cultivated in cell culture in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Their morphology changed towards dendritic cells after 24 h, as was observed in the light and scanning electron microscopes. The generation of dendritic cells from monocytes may provide adequate numbers of cells in clinical studies and prophylaxis.
The effects of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), citrinin (CIT), and zearalenone (ZEA) on in vitro response of pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogen concanavalin A was assayed after three days of incubation using ³H- thymidine uptake. Dose response curves for each mycotoxin were generated and the concentrations producing 50% inhibition of cell proliferation (IC₅₀) were estimated. AFB₁, OTA, and PAT were the most potent toxins with the IC₅₀ of 0.06, 0.17, and 0.19 µmol/L, respectively (0.2, 0.7, and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively). Based on the molar concentration, the inhibition potencies relative to that of AFB₁ were determined. OTA had 35% and PAT 31% potency to that of AFB₁, but CIT and ZEA had only 1.6 and 1.9 of AFB₁ inhibition potencies.
The aim of the study was to develop an in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method for detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cell cultures. Samples from five BLV positive and five BLV negative cows were collected and dendritic cells (DCs) from blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node were cultured. Cultures prepared from healthy animals were infected with BLV. After two weeks, the cells were tested by nested PCR and IS-PCR for the presence of proviral DNA. As a positive control adherent cell line permanently infected with BLV was used. BLV was successfully detected by IS-PCR in DCs from naturally infected cattle and DCs infected in vitro. In control, non-infected DCs, the results of the reaction were negative. The results of provirus detection by IS-PCR were similar with these performed with nested PCR. Additionally, IS-PCR provides many advantages, like specific localisation of infection and smaller number of cells needed as template for PCR.
Determination of telomerase activity was performed with the use of telomerase PCR ELISA method in blood lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cells isolated from lymphatic organs. Telomerase activity was detected in almost all investigated samples, but relative telomerase activity was on different levels. The highest activity of telomerase was determined in human tumour cell lines and FLK-BLV cells, but negative results were obtained in samples from healthy cows. The results of this study indicated that telomerase could be a useful marker for leukosis in cattle and various malignancies in other animals.
The rate of infection with BLV was assessed in 2053 cattle from 17 farms enzootically infected with PI3. The animals were divided into 6 groups according to their age. The highest percentage (38.0 - 56.7) of the animals in all age groups had HI antibody titers from 1:80 to 1:320; the percentage of animals with the titers between 20 and 40 was 9.8 - 27.7. The HI titers decreased along with the age of the animals. The highest percentage of negative results (24.3 per cent) was noticed in calves aged between 6 months and 2 years. In 3-year-old animals the per cent of negative results was 11.9, in 4-5-year-old - 6.9, in cows 6-12-years-old between 5.6 and 2.2. The percentage of ani­mals whose HI titers ranged from 1:640 to 1:5120 was 7.3 - 50 with a gradual increase with age. The rate of seropositive animals for BLV also increased with the age of the animals and it was 28.3, 39.5, 48.0, 54.7, 61.0, 68.6 in reference to PI3, respectively; in sero-negative groups of the animals the findings were 16.0, 26.2,36.5,48.4, 54.1 and 67.0. The results revealed a close correlation be­tween the number of cattle infected with PI3 and the number of the animals infected with BLV
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