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The aim of the study was to investigate gender-specific effects of a maternal treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) at multiple maximum therapeutic doses during the last 25 d of pregnancy on the bone tissue metabolism in neonatal piglets. BMD and BMC were measured. The geometry, histomorphometry, and mechanical properties of bones were determined. The assessment of selected hormones, cytokines, and amino acids was performed in 35-day-old piglets. DEX administered prenatally inhibited neonatal bone development, as well as bone mineral density, and geometrical and mechanical properties of bones. Neonatal GC-induced bone loss was linked with disturbed somatotropic axis function and decreased serum concentration of GH in male piglets and decreased concentration of IGF-1 in females. Prenatal DEX treatment led to an increase in the concentration of insulin and enhanced activity of bone specific alkaline phosphatase in piglets of both genders.
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Toxicity of salinomycin and narasin in turkeys

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Coccidiosis continues to be one of the most serious diseases in poultry breeding, causing major economic losses in this industry. Many trials are conducted to prevent and control this disease. However, only a few medications are approved for use in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis. Ionophore coccidiostats (e.g. salinomycin and narasin) act by altering the transmembrane movement of monovalent or divalent ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Rb+, Cs+), resulting in altered ionic gradients and disturbed physiological processes in coccidia. In broiler and turkey breeding, these agents are used for nearly the whole fattening period. Ionophore coccidiostats have a narrow safety margin. Their toxicity is probably due to a disturbed ion balance or to oxidative damage. Although ionophore coccidiostats are considered to be relatively safe for target animals, there are numerous reports of poisoning cases caused by these medications in birds. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the toxicity of salinomycin and narasin in turkeys. It reviews the data concerning the symptoms, mortality rate and possible causes of poisoning with these agents. Moreover, the paper discusses the legal regulations regarding the use of these drugs in poultry.
A medium modified by 4-fold (Zn) or 2.5-fold (Mn) decreased/increased content of these metals did not influence the growth of the green microalga Desmodesmus armatus cultured for 24 h at ambient and elevated (2%) CO2, as compared with original BBM medium (Zn2+ = 2 mg/L, Mn2+ = 0.4 mg/L). The 4-fold increased content of Zn in the medium markedly enhanced the toxicity of CdCl2 applied at a concentration (16.8 mg/L) corresponding to EC50/24h. The 2.5-fold increase of Mn content reduced the inhibitory effect of Cd on the oxygen evolution rate and FV/FM. At low CO2, Cd did not affect the oxygen evolution but markedly stimulated the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA). At elevated CO2, the rate of oxygen evolution was reduced by Cd, whereas CA activity remained unaffected.
The aim of this study was to define the effects of diet containing the same mineral content of mineral salt or amino acid chelate, and diet containing various levels of Cu amino acid chelate on liver histomorphometry in growing rats. Male Wistar rats were used in the 12th week experiment. The control group (n = 12) was fed standard diet, which provided Cu in an inorganic form at the level required for rats. The experimental animals were divided into four groups (each n = 12) depending on different levels ( 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% covered daily demand) of Cu supplementation in chelated form. Cu content was determined in the liver tissue and blood plasma. Immunohistochemical staining with caspase-3 antibody was performed. Microscopic assessment of the liver structure indicated that Cu supplementation did not change the liver architecture. However, histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of nuclei, total cell number, and multinucleated hepatocytes in rats supplemented with the organic form of Cu at the level of 25% compared with the control group. There was a considerable increase in the number of apoptotic cells and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, especially in groups supplemented with organic form of Cu covering the daily demand in 100% and 75%, in comparison to control group. Moreover, there was no Cu deposition in the liver and changes in Cu content in blood. Cu provided in the diet in organic form covering an amount of its minimum daily demand in 25% appears to be the least harmful with regard to the liver. It indicates that there is a need to establish the level of diet supplementation with Cu amino acid chelates.
The aim of the study was to investigate the morphology, density and immunostaining intensity of calbindin (CB)-positive neurons of dentate gyrus (DG) in new-born (P0) and 21-day-old (P21) male Acomys cahirinus mice from dams receiving β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during pregnancy. Different substances administrated to pregnant dams may affect the calcium ion homeostasis which is crucial for the proper brain development of their offspring. DG with hilus (H) plays an important role in memory and learning processes. Calcium levels in DG are regulated by buffering proteins like calbindin D28k (CB). Experimental dams were orally treated with HMB at a dose of 0.2 g/kg b.w. Half of new-born animals were euthanised after birth and the rest after the 21st day of life. The brains were dissected and embedded in paraffin blocks using a routine histological technique. In order to demonstrate CB protein expression an immunohistochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction was conducted. The results of the study did not reveal important morphological alterations. There were no statistically significant changes in the density of the studied cells either in P0 and P21 animals. However, the authors have demonstrated a statistically significant increase of the average CB-immunostaining intensity in nuclei and cytoplasm in both age groups. It may be a result of a compensation effect to alterations that occurred under the influence of HMB. On the basis of the conducted research, it may be assumed that HMB activity in DG may provide long-term consequences.
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