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1

Functional organization of the human amygdala in appetitive learning

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Kolada E., Bielski K., Falkiewicz M., Szatkowska I.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2017
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tom 77
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nr 2
The amygdala is a small subcortical structure located bilaterally in medial temporal lobes. It is a key region for emotional processes and some forms of associative learning. In particular, the role of the amygdala in processing of negative emotions and aversive learning has been shown in numerous studies. However, involvement of this structure in processing of positive affect and appetitive learning is not fully understood. Previous experiments in animals are not consistent. While some authors implicate only the centromedial part of the amygdala in appetitive learning, the others suggest contribution of both centromedial and basolateral subregions. Although from the evolutionary perspective appetitive learning is equally important as aversive learning, research on the role of the human amygdala and its subregions in appetitive learning is undertaken relatively rarely and the results are not conclusive. Therefore, the aim of this review is twofold: to summarize the current knowledge in this field and to indicate and discuss the factors, which might affect the observed level of the amygdala activity during appetitive learning in humans.
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The role of the centromedial subdivision of the human amygdala in signaling surprise during reinforcement learning

76%
Kolada E., Bielski K., Sobczak P., Wypych M., Marchewka A., Szatkowska I.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2017
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tom 77
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nr Suppl.1
INTRODUCTION: Surprise (i.e., errors in outcome prediction) drives reinforcement learning. Animal studies point to the critical role of the centromedial subdivision (CMA) of the amygdala in signaling reinforcement-related surprise. Little is known as to the role of the CMA in this process in humans, as the problem of functional organization of the human amygdala was undertaken by only few studies. AIM(S): The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the human amygdala subdivisions in signalling surprise during reinforcement learning. METHOD(S): We used a Pavlovian conditioning task. The task was composed of two trial types: aversive and neutral, in which small amounts of aversive (0.4 M NaCl) and neutral (25 mM KCl and 2.5 mM NaHCO3) gustatory stimuli (liquids) were provided to participants. In the beginning of each trial, participants were presented with two visual cues: one associated with a high probability (on 70% of occasions) and the other with a low probability (on 30% of occasions) of obtaining gustatory stimulus. After a few seconds, one of visual cues disappeared and the subjects’ task was to indicate whether the remaining cue forerun liquid delivery. In an fMRI study, we compared the amygdala activity during: 1) reinforcement-related surprise (unexpected vs. expected delivery of aversive stimuli), and 2) surprise not related with the reinforcement (unexpected vs. expected delivery of neutral stimuli). RESULTS: We found the right CMA activation during reinforcement-related surprise, whereas surprise not related with the reinforcement did not activate any amygdala subdivision. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed selective involvement of the CMA in signalling reinforcement-related surprise in humans. Moreover, they prove that investigation of the amygdala at the level of distinct subdivisions using fMRI in humans should be valuable direction for future studies. This work was supported by a grant from the Polish National Science Centre based on decision number DEC-2014/15/B/HS6/03658. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Polish National Science Centre grant No. DEC-2014/15/B/HS6/03658.
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Uncovering the effects of COVID-19 on in-hospital cardiac arrest - a living systematic review and meta-analysis

64%
Bielski K., Pruc M., Rafique Z., Peacock F. W., Chmielewski J., Panasiuk L., Szarpak L., Bragazzi N. L., Chojnowska-Cwiakala I.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
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2023
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tom 30
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nr 3
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