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W artykule przedstawiono metodę ilościowej analizy metanolu w wyrobach alkoholowych metodą chromatografii gazowej z wykorzystaniem statycznej techniki headspace. Metoda ta umożliwia selektywne i precyzyjne oznaczanie metanolu w różnych wyrobach alkoholowych bez konieczności ich destylacji. Przeprowadzono analizy zawartości metanolu w 28 różnych napojach alkoholowych (m. in. w wódkach, brandy, whisky, rumie, ginie oraz winach).
The study investigated the relationship between estrus intensity and conception rates in dairy cows and heifers as well as between the level of physical constitution and conception rates in cows measured on the day of artificial insemination (AI). Females were submitted for AI after confirming standing estrus, and just prior to insemination the estrus intensity was investigated and classified as strong if three out of four factors were detected i.e. standing, vaginal mucus discharge, high uterine tone or presence of follicles in the ovaries; otherwise the estrus intensity was classified as weak. In the cow’s group (n=48) only those exhibiting estrus between 50 and 100 days following delivery were investigated and only heifers (n=42) that were approximately 18 months old were inseminated. No drugs were administrated for oestrus synchronisation. The study indicated that oestrus intensity had no effect on conception rates in cows (58% vs. 45% cows exhibiting strong and weak oestrus respectively were pregnant) but oestrus intensity did affect the conception rates in heifers (78% vs. 47% heifers exhibiting strong and weak oestrus respectively were pregnant, p<0.05). The physical constitution level measured on the day of AI had no effect on conception rates and was similar in both pregnant and non pregnant cows (3.20 ± 0.18 and 3.31 ± 0.33 respectively).
The literature concerning the issue of canine sex pheromones includes reports presenting completely conflicting opinions about the chemical composition of the canine urine in the context of semiochemical communication. At present, the predominant report cited by many different authors is the article published in Science in 1979 by Goodwin at al., presenting methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) as the main canine sex pheromone. While it has been proved that pure methyl paraben lacks semiochemical activity as do commercially available products containing this substance (Eau D’Estrus, Synbiotics, USA), in view of the conflicting published reports the aim of this study was to revaluate using modern techniques the presence of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in canine urine during different phases of the ovarian cycle. Ten female dogs of different breeds were used. Urine samples from bitches collected during various stages of the ovarian cycle were examined with using the SPME and GC/MS methods. Methyl paraben was not detected in any of the samples. In conclusion, because of the lack of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in the samples examined, the present study confirmed negative opinions on the possibility of this substance playing a crucial role in semiochemical communication during reproduction in dogs (Canis familiaris).
Extrauterine pregnancy has been diagnosed in many species to date, but nevertheless it is a rare disorder. This disorder can occur as a tubal pregnancy or an abdominal pregnancy and can also develop as a primary or secondary form. In contrast to women, where the localization of an extrauterine pregnancy in the oviduct is most frequent, in farm animals the secondary, abdominal form, is predominant. This paper describes the relations between the types of ectopic pregnancy and species, propitious factors, consequences for females and for the embryo or fetuses developing out of the uterus.
The aim of the study was to examine chosen parameters of milk and blood taken from bitches suffering from mastitis and to evaluate the possibility of its use as an additional method in mastitis diagnosis. During the experiment 34 bitches of different breeds in postpartum lactation and during lactation connected with pseudopregnancy were used. Somatic cell count, pH and Cl levels were measured in the milk. Besides hematological examination, the concentration of haptoglobin was investigated in the blood. An elevation of somatic cells and increased levels of Cl were discovered in the milk from bitches suffering from mastitis. Furthermore the elevation of milk pH in the healthy pseudopregnant bitches and females with mastitis was determined. The inflammation of the mammary glands was connected with leukocytosis and elevated levels of haptoglobin in the blood.
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