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Background: It has been reported that the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is closely associated with both microRNA (miRNA) processing and the progress of many cancers. Our study aimed to explore the interaction between ATF3 and miR-488 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the levels of ATF3 and miR-488 in TSCC tissues and cell lines. Cell invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assessed to determine the biological functions of miR-488 and ATF3 in TSCC cells. The mRNA and protein levels of ATF3 were measured using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. Luciferase assays were performed to validate ATF3 as an miR-488 target in TSCC cells. Results: We found that the level of miR-488 significantly decreased and the expression of ATF3 significantly increased in TSCC tissues and cell lines. A low level of miR-488 was closely associated with increased expression of ATF3 in TSCC tissues. Introducing miR-488 significantly inhibited the invasion and EMT of TSCC cells, and knockdown of miR-488 promoted both processes. The bioinformatics analysis predicted that ATF3 is a potential target gene of miR-488. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-488 could directly target ATF3. ATF3 silencing had similar effects to miR-488 overexpression on TSCC cells. Overexpression of ATF3 in TSCC cells partially reversed the inhibitory effects of the miR-488 mimic. Conclusion: miR-488 inhibited cell invasion and EMT of TSCC cells by directly downregulating ATF3 expression.
INTRODUCTION: Processes such as perception, action and cognition are determined by the connectivity between different neuronal groups. Understanding the principles of this network is a core objective of present-day neuroscience. Several animal models are used to investigate this relationship between structure and function, among them marmosets, which recently came to prominence. They are small monkeys (300–400 g) but their brain retains all defining features of the primate brain. AIM(S): The aim is to create a publicly available, the world’s most comprehensive repository of the afferent cortico-cortical connectivity of any primate species, enabling a new level of analysis and modelling. The connectome will be publicly available on‑line making it possible to flexibly access all the data via a graphical front-end or via an application programming interface. METHOD(S): The already available body of data comprises results of over 100 monosynaptic retrograde tracer injections in marmosets. The brains were cut in 40 µm sections. The sections were plotted using an epifluorescence microscope, and stained for Nissl substance. To map individual injections into the atlas space, a previously established pipeline was used. RESULTS: The current version of the portal is available at http://marmoset.braincircuits.org. It allows one to access unprocessed experimental data, mostly injections in dorsal prefrontal cortex, parietal and occipital lobes. Additionally, the locations of individual cells are expressed in atlas-based stereotaxic coordinates which allows one to perform either area-based or parcellation-free connectivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The release of open access connectomes is known for triggering numerous follow-up modelling and theoretical studies. In a longer perspective, the unique nature of data in our project will help to understand how the highly complex network of neuronal connections enable brain functions in primates, and, in general, in mammals. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The project is supported by the Australian Research Council grant (DP140101968) and International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Seed Funding grant.
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