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The effects of externally applied sodium nitroprusside on superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzyme activities, nitric oxide (NO) levels have been investigated in salt stress resistant and sensitive sunflower plants. NaCl treatments and SNP treatments simultaneously with salt application (NaCl+SNP) were performed. SOD, GPx, APX and CAT antioxidant enzyme activities and NO levels showed differences in leaf tissues treated with 100 µM SNP, different concentrations of NaCl, and NaCl+SNP. SOD, GPx and APX enzyme activities were generally increased in sensitive variety, but decreased in tolerant variety. However, while general increase in CAT enzyme activity was determined in tolerant type, a reduction was established in sensitive type. An increase was determined in both types in NO levels. It is evident from these results that administration of NO donor SNP can cope with reactive oxygen species in both varieties. This study indicates that negative effects of salt stress on different sun flower varieties can be recovered by nitric oxide.
A possible use of some argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) parameters as a biological counter to predict the biological behaviour of basal epidermal cells and dermal fibroblasts in dogs subjected to therapeutic ultrasound (US) exposure was determined. All the dogs, except the control dogs, had US treatment at an intensity of 0.5 W/cm² (SATA), frequency of 1.0 MHz, pulsed 2 ms on and 8 ms off for 5 min daily for 10 d. Full thickness skin samples were taken on days 4, 18, 32, 46, and 74 following cessation of 10 d US application and right after the 10th d of US exposure. A statistically significant difference immediately at the end of day 10 of US exposure was found for all parameters measured, except NOR diameters of the stratum basale cells. All the measured parameters, except NOR numbers of fibroblasts in the dermis, returned to normal (control) values by day 74 indicating that the therapeutic effect of US at the given characteristics lasts at least longer than 46 d regarding thickness of the stratum corneum, longer than 32 d regarding NOR numbers in the cells of the stratum basale, and NOR diameters in the cells of the stratum basale, and longer than 74 d regarding NOR numbers in fibroblasts. The results presented herein suggest that there is a correlation between the longevity of ultrasound effect and the alteration of AgNORs parameters and their characteristics. Considering the longer duration of reversible alterations in our study, it would be reasonable to determine the effectiveness of ultrasound by AgNOR counting.
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