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From an ecological perspective, the nature of rainwater harvesting with the characteristics of artificial disturbance is a manual disturbance. So it is very important to confirm the degree of ecological disturbance that occurs due to rainwater harvesting. Drawing from ecological disturbance theory, we can utilize both the distance method and dynamic curve method to estimate the level of ecological disturbance and degree of rainwater harvesting with a historical reference point value of the environment as a frame of reference, and with the 20 indicators such as surface runoff and evaluation index. Our examples show that the distance method and dynamic curve method are feasible for evaluating the ecological disturbance degree of rainwater harvesting. There are also research-scale effects in the study of ecological disturbance of rainwater harvesting that embody the comparability of different spatial and temporal ecological disturbance degrees. The comparability of ecological disturbance degrees of rainwater harvesting in an area at different scales or in different areas at the same scales is not strong, but it also generates some useful reference values. The ecological disturbance measurement in the same study area and at the same research-scale at different historical periods can be compared.
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon are typical plants in the West Ordos National Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia, China. The populations of A. mongolicus had few young individuals and senesced. However, Z. xanthoxylon was growing well in the habitat of A. mongolicus. In addition, there is little information to compare their seed germination and seedling growth under combined salt and drought environments. In order to exploring the reason for the actuality, a study was conducted to quantify the interactive effects of salinity and drought stresses on seed germination and seedling growth of A. mongolicus and Z. xanthoxylon and then to compare the survival strategies of both shrubs. The experiment consisted of seven gradient concentrations of salinity (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 % NaCl) in each of the six drought stress levels (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.6 and -2.0 Mpa polyethylene glycol). As expected, combined salinity and drought stresses had significant (P\0.05) interactive effects on seed germination of the two tested shrubs. There was significant decrease in these indices, in response to increased salt and/or drought stresses. The higher germination rate and shorter germination duration were detected for A. mongolicus, which may lead to the loss of seed bank. In addition, the radicle length of A. mongolicus (0–2.3 cm) was shorter than that of Z. xanthoxylon (0–14.6 cm), indicating less resistance of seedlings to the volatile conditions in the surface of arid soil. The stepwise regression analysis showed that salinity was the dominant influencing factor and followed by drought in seed germination and seedling growth under salt–drought mixed stress.
Among the 17 plant pathogenesis-related (PR) protein families, only PR10 family is intracellular and cytosolic. PR proteins are expressed in response to pathogen challenge and abiotic stresses in higher plants. However, the molecular mechanisms of their actions remain poorly understood. In a previous work, we isolated a PR10 gene from Erysiphe necator-resistant Chinese wild Vitis sp. (Baihe-35-1) and it was designated as VpPR10.1. In this study, yeast two-hybrid method was used to screen proteins interacting with VpPR10.1 proteins. Twenty-one ESTs were isolated and sequenced. All sequences were compared using BLASTx to identify presumptive orthologs. Several proteins associated with VpPR10.1 protein were screened, including CNR8, UFGT6, HSP, DEAD-box, Trx h2, Grx C9 and GLOX. These proteins are closely related to defensive action of plants against pathogens and abiotic stresses. Our results reveal that VpPR10.1 gene may be involved in hormone signaling, programmed cell death and defense responses of grapevine.
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