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Energetics of 109Cd efflux in resting cells of cadmium-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 17810R was assayed in 1 or 100 mM potassium/sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7 (PB). Experiments with the use of inhibitors and ionophores showed that Cd2+ extrusion in this organism required ATP and either a pH gradient (ApH) in 1 mM PB or membrane potential (A\y) in 100 mM PB. The role of high phosphate ion concentration in A\|/-dependent Cd2+ efflux is discussed.
Fungi belonging to Candida genus, especially C. albicans play an important role in microflora of oral cavity. Microbial colonisation process taking place within oral cavity is inseparably related to formation of multispecies biofilm, i.e. dental and denture plaque. A mature fungal biofilm is a heterogeneous three-dimensional dense conglomeration of mixture of di!erent morphological forms: blastospores, germ tubes, pseudohyphae and hyphae surrounded by the extracellular polymeric matrix. Composition and specific properties of substratum, saliva and yeasts as well as multiple intricate interactions between all of them influence the ability of Candida spp. isolates to adhere and colonise both natural and artificial surfaces, followed by biofilm formation. Obviously, specific complex host-pathogen interactions also should not be neglected. A lot of additional factors like poor oral and denture hygiene, low pH under prosthesis, sufficient concentration of sugar and iron or antibody titres influence Candida adhesion and colonisation of acrylic resin base. C. albicans is capable of inducing a variety of superficial diseases of the oral mucosa. The most common clinical form of oral candidal infection related to biofilm formation a!ecting a great deal of denture wearers is denture-associated stomatitis, also known as chronic atrophic candidiasis or erythemateous candidasis. Development of C. albicans biofilm on a denture surface constitutes a difficult and hard to resolve problem which may concern every single prosthesis-wearer. Thus, careful oral and denture hygiene is highly recommended for the population of artificial teeth wearers.
A total of 1,035 swabs from 345 healthy pre-school children - 268 attending day care centers (DCC group) and 77 staying at home were taken. The statistically significant difference in Haemophilus influenzae colonization was observed among children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke in the total population (p=0.042) and in the DCC group (p=0.034). H. influenzae prevalence among passive smoking children prone to recurrent respiratory infections was higher compared to unexposed children in the total population (p=0.084) or in DCC group (p=0.032). This suggests that passive smoking and attending DCC may predispose H. influenzae colonization of the upper respiratory tract in pre-school children.
We investigated children aged 2-5, who had gone adenoidectomy for recurrent and/or persistent symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections for prevalence of pneumococci in adenoid tissue. Serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated pneumococci were determined and also risk factors of pneumococcal colonization were defined. S. pneumoniae colonization in adenoids was found in 62 (60.2%) children. Serotypes belonged to 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) constituted 56.1% and 68.2% of the isolates, respectively. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was found in 45.5% of isolates; pneumococci were resistant to co-trimoxazole (62.1%), tetracycline (43.9%), erythromycin (54.5%), clindamycin (54.5%) and chloramphenicol (31.8%). Multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae comprised 57.6% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistant pneumococci were mostly distributed among serotypes belonged to 10-valent and 13-valent PCVs. Good vaccine coverage among the isolated pneumococci confirmed that the introduction of PCVs in the national immunization programme may reduce the pool of resistant and multidrug resistant pneumococci in a community.
Cadmium is an environmental pollulant highly toxic to all forms of life. In this paper we studied by polarography the effect of the environment on cadmium speciation and also the effect of this speciation on 109Cd uptake and toxicity to living cells of cadmium-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 17810S in different media. It was found that the magnitude of passive ,09Cd adsorption was proportional to the content of free Cd2+ in the medium (cadmium speciation). In contrast, the magnitude of energy-requiring l09Cd accumulation did not depend on cadmium speciation and was similar in all media. This could be due to the higher affinity of Cd2+ to the Mn2+ transport system than to the complexing ligands in the medium. Thus, cadmium uptake by S. aureus 17810S depends both on environmental and cellular factors and under all circumstances results in strong toxicity to living cells.
Candida sp. may be regarded as one of the leading etiologic agents of hospital-acquired infections, including those related with the indwelling medical devices, which become colonized by the yeasts, accompanied by biofilm formation. In this paper we assayed in vitro susceptibility to caspofungin of planktonic and sessile cells of nasopharyngeal isolates of Candida sp. Two types of biomaterials were used - silicone elastomer-coated latex urinary Foley catheter and PCV Thorax catheter. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of caspofungin for planktonic Candida sp. cells ranged from 0.008 to 0.031 mg/l, while the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) from 0.008 to 0.062 mg/l, with MFC/MIC ratios ≤2. The minimal concentration of caspofungin preventing adhesion process of Candida sp. on both biomaterials ranged from 0.004 to 0.031 mg/l, while preventing biofilm formation from 0.004 to 0.062 mg/l. In contrast, much higher minimal concentrations of caspofungin were needed to eradicate the mature biofilm (0.25 to >8 mg/l). In all cases, drug concentrations depended on the strain and the biomaterial used. Our preliminary data suggest that caspofungin, showing good anti-adherent activity in vitro against Candida sp., appears to be a potential agent rather for prophylaxis of the yeast infections associated with biomaterials but not for their treatment.
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