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Profesor zw. dr hab. Bernard Bezubik [1919-2006]

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Cryptosporidium sp. has emerged as an important cause of intestinal opportunistic infections in immunocompromised humans, especially in HIV positive patients. The host immune responses to these infections both in humans and in animals are still poorly understood. However, experimental and clinical studies show that both humoral and cellular immune responses are essential to control the duration and severity of Cryptosporidium sp. infection. The role of specific IgM, IgG, lgA and secretory IgA remains unclear. Nevertheless, high level of IgG and IgM responses was found in ADIS patients with chronic infection. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum decreases parasite burden and severe diarrhea. Severe chronic infections have been found in hosts with selective T-cell deficiency, especially AIDS patients with low CD4+ T-cell counts (<50 cells/mm3). Moreover, it is also generally agreed that T lymphocytes are required for the resolution of both acute and chronic cryptosporidisis. Several studies suggest that IFN-γ is very important in the control of Cryptosporidium infection; especially intestinal intraepithelial CD4+ T-cells (IEL) that produce IFN-γ are potentially crucial mediators of host immunity to Cryptosporidium. Recent experimental studies also indicate that mice deficient in either αβ or γδ T-cells are more susceptible to infection than control mice, however γδ T-cells have a less critical role than αβ T-cells. Less extensive studies investigating the role of other cells and cytokines both in the innate and cell-mediated immune responses to Cryptosporidium sp. are also discussed.
In the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in Europe. They are mostly due to infection by Borrelia burgdorferi s.I., Babesia divergens, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. All these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of Ixodes persulcatus „complex". Also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to B. burgdorferi, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. Actually in Poland, the identification of the host species that act as zoonotical reservoir for these pathogens on which the competent vector becomes infected, is crucial to understand the dynamics of enzootie cycle of these pathogens. It is also important to assess the risk factor of infection in different habitats, especially in environmental condition where changing in farming system has left great land area under grassland or pasture, e.g. in Mazury Lakes District Under such circumstances, susceptible rodent species, at least for two of these pathogens: B. micrnti and B. burgdorferi s.l., increasingly became competent reservoirs. This aspect is currently receiving considerable attention in Europe.
The maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi s.1. in the environment is dependent on the zoonotic cycle involving tick vectors and certain reservoir hosts. It is well known, that the same species of wild rodents, as well as the vector Ixodes ricinus, are often co-infected with at least two genomospecies of B. burgdorferi s.1.: B. afzelii and B. garinii. The ticks collected from two rodent species: Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis were examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.1., as well as for B. garinii and B. afzelii. In this study, an immunofluorescent antibody assay (lFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used. The high level of infestation in rodents (90% for C. glareolus and nearly 100% for A. flavicollis) shows that wild rodents are important hosts of the immature stages of I. ricinus. A high percent of Borrelia positive ticks collected from bank voles and yellow necked mice; above 7% determined by 1FA and 2% determined by PCR, elearly revealed that these species of animals are competent zoonotic reservoirs of B. burgdorferi s.l.
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