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The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilizer on harvest index (HI), agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), utilization (U), and final efficiency index (EFI). We conducted a field experiment (2009-11) in southeastern Poland on Cambisols (WRB 2014). The experiment included two variables: N fertilization (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg/ha) and S fertilization (0 and 50 kg/ha). The experiment showed the positive effect of N and S fertilization on grain and straw yields of spring wheat cv. Tybalt, with the highest yield obtained in the case of the application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (grain 5.59 t ha⁻¹, straw 8.00 t ha⁻¹). S fertilization increased grain yield by 3.58% and straw by 6.16%. Although N and S fertilization increased content and uptake of N and S in DM, they decreased significantly on the harvest index of N and S (HIN, HIS). On average, HIN was 76.41% and HIS was 45.87%. Among the tested combinations, the highest agronomic efficiency of N (AEN), agronomic efficiency of S (AES), physiological efficiency of N (PEN), physiological efficiency of S (PES), utilization of N (UN), and utilization of S (US) as well the best final efficiency of N and S (EFIN, EFIS) were noted for the object where N application increased to 80 kg ha⁻¹ with the addition of 50 kg S ha⁻¹. This combination should be recommended for use in the practice of spring wheat fertilization with N and S. Increasing the rate of N fertilizer to 120 kg ha⁻¹ caused a reduction in the utilization of N (UN), and the addition of S to this level of N caused a drop in its utilization by the grain. In conclusion, S fertilization is necessary in the conditions of negative S balance in the cultivated soils.
In a field experiment conducted on leached brown soil in Malice, near Zamość (southeastern Poland) in 2007-08, the effect of soil tillage and nitrogen fertilization on microbiological parameters of the soil under spring Triticale cultivation was investigated. Soil tillage – conventional and simplified with double or single cultivation – was combined with different variants of nitrogen fertilization – 60, 90, and 120 kg N·ha⁻¹. The soil was sampled three times – I - end of tillering stage (BBCH 29), II - end of heading stage (BBCH 59) and III – late milk stage (BBCH 77) – and its microbiological properties were determined. Generally, the simplified soil tillage and nitrogen fertilization up to 90 kg N·ha⁻¹ favors bacteria, Actinomycetes, and fungi content, as well as dehydrogenase activity. The conventional soil tillage and nitrogen fertilization at a level of 120 kg·ha⁻¹ reduced the number of microflora. The highest numbers of micro-organisms in the soil were noted at the stage (BBCH 59) of the spring Triticale, but dehydrogenase activity was highest at that stage (BBCH 29). In formulating the biological index of soil fertility (BISF), the biological activity of the soil (M), organic carbon content (H) and soil absorbing capacity (T) were taken into account. Biological activity of the soil (M) was expressed as numbers of micro-organisms, or as dehydrogenase activity. The BISF, calculated based on dehydrogenase activity, is significantly dependent on the all factors investigated. However, BISF calculated as the sum of the numbers of bacteria and Actinomycetes in relation to fungi (B+A/F) was positively correlated with grain yield. Grain yield was highest following conventional soil tillage and nitrogen fertilization at a level of 60 kg N·ha⁻¹.
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