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Physical, textural and sensory properties of cookies incorporated with grape skin and seed preparations

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Kuchtova V., Kohajdova Z., Karovicova J., Laukova M.
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
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2018
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tom 68
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nr 4
This study is oriented to the effect of the incorporation of grape skins and grape seeds (0, 5, 10, and 15% to weight of flour) obtained from a red grape on the rheological properties of wheat dough, and on qualitative parameters and sensory properties of the prepared cookies. With regarding to dough rheological parameters, addition of grape skins concluded in increased water absorption and reduced dough stability. The opposite effect to these parameters was observed after inclusion of grape seeds. Moreover, it was found that the addition of both types of grape skin and seed preparations resulted in reduced volume, thickness and decreased hardness of cookies. Also, it was recorded, that the addition 10% of grape seeds and 15% of grape skins signifi cantly decreased fracturability of cookies. The results of sensory analysis showed that the cookies incorporated with grape skins and grape seeds up to a level of 5% resulted in products with good overall acceptability accounting for 87.44% and 91.44%, respectively.
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Stress-induced changes in gene expression of catecholamine enzymes and adrenoceptors in heart of sham-operated and PVN-deafferentated rats

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Bohacova V., Mravec B., Laukova M., Kvetnansky R.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2009
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tom 69
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nr 3
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) regulates neuroendocrine, autonomic and cardiovascular responses to stress. Stressors activate catacholaminergic systems which consequently modulates activity of organism via adrenergic receptors (ARs). Our work was focused on investigation of changes in gene expression of epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adrenoceptors in the heart of sham-operated and PVN-deafferentated rats exposed to immobilization stress (IMO). PNMT and NPY mRNA levels in the heart of sham-operated rats were not signifi cantly increased after a single IMO. However, posterolateral deafferentation of the PVN reduced PNMT mRNA, whereas levels of NPY mRNA were elevated. These data suggest a stimulatory role of PVN on PNMT and an inhibitory role on NPY gene expression. Moreover, β1-AR mRNA levels were signifi cantly reduced in heart of PVN-deafferentated animals comparing to sham-operated rats. On other side, after single IMO β1-AR mRNA levels were signifi cantly increased in PVN-deafferentated rats. Gene expression of other ARs (β2, β3, α1B) in hearts of stressed PVN-deafferentated animals were decreased. The found down-regulation of gene expression of ARs might suggest a rise in sympathetic activity induced by PVN deafferentation. Our data suggest that PVN plays an important role in stress-induced activation of cardiac sympathetic system.
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stress induced changes of catecholaminergic system in the rat spleen

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Laukova M., Bohacova V., Kruzanova O., Kwetnansky R.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2009
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tom 69
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nr 3
There is evidence that stress-induced activation of sympathoadrenal system (SAS) affects the function of immune system. The aim of our work was to investigate catecholamine (CA) levels, gene expression of CA biosynthetic enzymes and adrenoceptors (ARs) in the spleen of rats exposed to single and repeated (14×) immobilization stress (IMO). Acute IMO did not affect adrenaline or noradrenaline (NA) levels in the spleen. Repeated IMO induced a rise in both CAs suggesting increased CA biosynthesis. This stimulus was associated with the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, but with undetectable TH mRNA levels. That indicates predominantly neuronal origin of this enzyme. Detection of dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase gene expression points to their local production and responsiveness to IMO. Stress differently affected individual types of splenic ARs. Exposure to acute and chronic IMO increased β2-AR mRNA, which is the major immunomodulatory AR. Gene expression of α2A- and α2C-AR, the main NA autoregulatory ARs, was reduced. As a consequence, NA level increased. Thus, exposure to stress produces the rise of CAs in the spleen. The elevation of β2-AR and a drop in α2-ARs mRNA, indicate their predominant function in immune system regulation, most probably cytokine production via β2-AR and CA turnover via α2-AR uptake as well as via CA biosynthetic enzymes activity. However, the physiological role of this observation needs further investigation.
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