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A total of 190 Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (80 males, 110 females) collected on the territory of Ostrów Lubelski, Suchawa, Zalutyń and Kazimierz Dolny (Lublin Province, eastern Poland) were examined by reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR methods for the presence of hantavirus RNA. None of the examined Dermacentor reticulatus specimens showed the presence of the hantavirus-specific RNA in spite of using two pairs of primers and the clearly positive results obtained with the positive control. Thus, the hypothesis about the possible participation of ticks in the transmission of hantaviruses was not confirmed.
A group of 150 persons living in the Lublin province of eastern Poland and occupationally exposed to tick bite were examined by the immunoenzymatic ELISA test for the presence of antibodies against tick-borne Spotted Fever Group (SFG) rickettsiae. The group consisted of 75 forestry workers employed in 3 forest inspectorates and 75 agricultural workers living in 2 villages. As a control group, 43 urban dwellers living in the city of Lublin and not occupationally exposed to tick bite were examined. Among 150 persons occupationally exposed to tick bite, the presence of antibodies against SFG rickettsiae was found in 54 (36.0% of the total). In the control group, the frequency of positive findings was only 4.7%, being significantly smaller compared to the exposed group (p=0.0001). Within the exposed group, the percentage of positive results in forestry workers (50.7%) was greater than in agricultural workers (21.3%); the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0002). Also within this group, the frequency of positive findings in males(46.5%) was significantly greater than in females (21.9%) (p=0.0029). In the exposed group, the positive results tended to increase with the age of the examined persons. However, a significant relationship between age and positive findings was found only in forestry workers (c2=14.207, p=0.00264), but not in agricultural workers and total exposed workers. The frequencies of positive results in forestry workers varied significantly depending on place of work (c2=11.271, p=0.00357). Similarly, the difference between the positive reactions in agricultural workers living in 2 villages proved to be significant (34.2% vs. 8.1%; p=0.0074). The obtained results indicate that people occupationally exposed to tick bite and living in the area of eastern Poland where over half of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks harbour SFG rickettsiae, are under significantly increased risk of infection with these rickettsiae.
Rickettsia spp. transmitted by ticks are classified mostly in the Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (SFGR). Numerous species of this group have been identified in Eurasia as emerging pathogens, but still little is known about their occurrence, effects on human health, and co-incidence with other tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the presented study was to determine the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in adult Dermacentor reticulatus (Acari: Amblyommidae) ticks collected in Lublin province of eastern Poland using the PCR method. The infection rate of D. reticulatus with Rickettsia spp. was 53.0%. All except one rickettsial isolates showed 100% homology with Rickettsia raoultii. A high prevalence of R. raoultii in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from eastern Poland suggests that the SFGR species should be considered as potential causative agents of tick-borne diseases in this area.
Samples of 30 dead small mammals each were collected on area ‘A’ located in eastern Poland which is exposed to flooding by the Vistula river, and on the area ‘B’, also located in eastern Poland but not exposed to flooding. Kidneys and livers of the mammals were examined by the PCR and nested PCR methods for the presence of hantavirus RNA. Out of 7 species of small mammals examined, the presence of hantaviruses was detected in 4 of them. Hantavirus prevalence was low in Apodemus agrarius (2.6%), the most numerous mammal species, whereas in the remaining 3 positive species (Microtus agrestis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex araneus) this was 12.5–100%. The presence of hantaviruses was detected only in the animals found on area ‘A’ exposed to flooding, and their prevalence was statistically greater compared to area ‘B’ not exposed to flooding (16.7% vs. 0%, p=0.0345). The overall positivity of the examined small mammals population from the areas ‘A’ and ‘B’ was 8.3%. The sequence analysis of the samples positive for hantavirus proved that the amplified products showed 77–86% homology with the L segment sequence of hantavirus Fusong-Mf-731 isolated from Microtus fortis in China. The presented study is the first to demonstrate the occurrence of hantavirus infection in small mammals from eastern Poland, and the first to demonstrate the significant relationship between flooding and the prevalence of hantaviruses in small mammals.
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