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Adriamycin (ADR) – the antineoplastic antibiotics has confirmed proapoptotic activity, mainly on neoplastic cells and young quick dividing cells. Cardiotoxicity of Adriamycin is limitating in antineoplastic therapy. The purpose of study was an evaluation of internal pathway of induction of signal to the apoptosis in myocardial cells of rat, which had administered Adriamycin. The sign of late cardiotoxicity after Adriamycin is coagulative necrosis. In present study was noticed also increased apoptosis of cells in rat heart, which was induced via mitochondrial pathway, with activation of p-53 protein and with BAX/Bcl-2 ratio > 1 – with prevalence of proapoptotic BAX protein.
Both Adriamycin and nitric oxide (NO) cause apoptosis acting through or as free radicals inciting oxidative stress in the cell. However, in some tissues the antiapoptotic action of NO was described, thereby the impact of NO on cell apoptosis is not finally recognized. In this study, a trial of the evaluation of exogenous NO (L-arginine) impact on apoptosis induced by Adriamycin in fetal kidney cells was undertaken. For this reason, the expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), environmental stress marker, as a sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress induced in fetal kidney cells with Adriamycin given to mothers prior to pregnancy was studied using immunohistochemical method. The expression of HSP 70 in fetal kidney cells, whose mothers received apart from Adriamycin, L-arginine (as NO substrate) was also evaluated. The results of the study pointed to the fact that the exogenous NO (L-arginine) could be helpful in inhibition of intensified apoptosis in fetal cells as a late effect of Adriamycin action.
The aim of this study was immunohistochemical evaluation of heat shock protein (Hsp70) and p-53 proteins in the L- arginine-induced cellular stress in hepatocvtes of rats. Sixteen white Wistar female rats were divided into two equal groups. The rats from the experimental group received per os 40 mg/kg b.w. of L-arginine every day for 2 weeks and were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. The rats from the control group received in the same manner 2 ml of distilled water and were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. After decapitation specimens from the liver were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, and then embedded in paraffin blocks. Proteins Hsp70 and p-53 were detected on slides using the standard three step immunohistochemical method. The quantitative evaluation of Hsp70 and p-53 expression showed that the area of positive staining in the liver of the experimental rats (Hsp70 305,763.00 µm² +/-58,289.66, p-53 9,551.42 µm² +/-l,078.86) was comparable to that in the control groups (Hsp70 291,636.80 µm² +/-34.492.31, p-53 14,104.67 µm² +/-3,571.35). Our experiment showed, that L-arginine as a precursor of exogenous nitric oxide given to rats in dose similar to that used in pregnant women treated for hypertension did not exhibit an influence on hepatocytes.
The apoptotical effect of nitric oxide on effector apoptotical caspase 3 in rats' hepatocytes was examined. The experiment was performed on 16 white Wistar female rats divided into two equal groups. The rats from the experimental group received orally L-arginine in a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. every other day for 2 weeks. The rats from the control group received orally 2 ml of distilled water in the same manner as the experimental group. All the rats were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. After decapitation, specimens from the liver were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, and then embedded in paraffin blocks. Protein caspase 3 on slides was detected using the standard three-step immunohistochemical method. The quantitative evaluation of caspase 3 expression showed that the area occupied by positive caspase 3 reaction in the liver of the experimental group (128.11 µm²±96.54) was comparable to that in the control group (212.18 µm² ±1 16.59) (P=0.25). The dose of L-arginine used was similar to that applied in pregnant women treated for gestosis. The study shows that L-arginine as a donor of exogenous nitric oxide has no an apoptotic effect on rats' hepatocytes.
The study was performed on 16 albino Wistar female rats divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. The rats from the experimental group received per os, every second day for 2 weeks 40 mg/kg b.w. of L-arginine. The rats from the control group received, in the same manner, 2 ml of distilled water. The animals were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. After decapitation specimens from the kidneys were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, and then embedded in paraffin blocks. Protein caspase 3 was detected using the standard three step immunohistochemical method. Additionally, the apoptotic index was evaluated. The study shows that L-arginine, as a donor of exogenous nitric oxide, induced the apoptotic signal in normal renal tubular cells of the rats. The apoptotic index statistically significantly increased in the epithelial cells of the treated renal tubules compared to the control. The immunohistochemical reaction for the executing caspase 3 in the renal tubular cells, although increased in comparison with the control, was statistically insignificant.
The study material consisted of 32 Wistar female rats The rats were divided into four equal groups. The rats from the experimental groups received adriamycin - 5 mg/kg b.w. to induce apoptosis and were decapitated after 4 and 7 weeks. After decapitation, specimens from the liver were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, and then embedded in paraffin blocks. Caspases 1, 3, 8, 9, and 12, Bcl-2, BAX, and Apaf-1 were detected using the standard three-step immunohistochemical method. Adriamycin-induced apoptosis in the hepatocytes occurred after 4 weeks and increased after 7 weeks (an increase for executing caspase). Irrespective of the time factor, it was induced mainly via the mitochondrial pathway (statistically-significant increase in reaction for BAX, Apaf-1, and caspase 9) and reticular pathway (statistically-significant increase in reaction for caspase 12). Apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway through caspase 8 activation was comparable to that in control (insignificant caspase 8 reaction). There was no increased reaction observed for caspase 1, one of the markers of inflammation.
The aim of the study was an immunhistochemical evaluation of the expression of Apaf 1, Apaf 2 and Apaf 3 (apoptotic protease activating factors) in L-arginine, a substrate of nitric oxide (NO) inducing apoptosis of rats’ hepatocytes. The rats used in this experiment were divided into 2 equal groups. Experimental rats received per os L-arginine 40 mg/kg body weight every other day for 2 weeks and were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. Control rats received per os 2 ml of distilled water every other day for 2 weeks and were decapitated after 3 weeks of the experiment. Specimens of the liver taken after decapitation were examined immunohistochemically, using the standard three-step method to detect the immunolocalization of Apaf 1, Apaf 2, Apaf 3. The results of immunohistochemical examinations were subjected to qualitative evaluation based on the intensity of a colour reaction at the antigen-antibody site in the rat liver examined in individual groups. The quantitative evaluation was conducted with the Analysis-pro software. The surface area of cells with a positive colour reaction (+) of antigen-antibody was calculated. The results of the study show that L-arginine, as a donor of exogenous nitric oxide, did not have an apoptotic effect leading by the intrinsic pathway, through the formation of the apoptosome and the activation of caspase 9 in the hepatocytes of rats.
The presented study describes renal tubular epithelial cells morphology in rats during adriamycin therapy. It was demonstrated that one dose of the compound can induce increasing-with time-apoptosis in the cells. A statistically-significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed in experimental groups compared to controls. The highest percentage of apoptotic cells was found in rats 7 weeks after adriamycin administration. The number of apoptotic cells in these animals was statistically significantly higher than that in the rats 4 weeks after adriamycin administration.
The ability to control the phenomenon of apoptosis, its induction or inhibition, raises hopes for treating many diseases including cancer. Adriamycin, an antibiotic that is wildly used after treating cancer, induces apoptosis in liver cells in a certain and relatively quick way after its application. The aim of the work was to obtain and examine the model of apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes with respect to their response to different damaging stimuli (adriamycin) depending on the time after the application in correlation with the ultrastructural construction, which is the result of the different location of hepatocytes within the portal acinus (of Rappaport). There were 32 female white Wistar rats used in the study. They were divided into 4 groups (2 experimental and 2 control), 8 animals in each group. The adriamycin dose of 5 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to the rats in groups I and II and then the rats were decapitated after 4 weeks (group I) and after 8 weeks (group II). The rats in the control groups were given 0.5 ml 0.9% NaCl solution and then decapitated after 4 weeks (group III) and 8 weeks (group IV). In the research, preparations made from fragments of the right liver lobe were used for histological observations and immunohistochemical studies. In the immunohistochemical studies, a three-stage method was used. According to this method, hepatocytes were examined qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of proteins involved in apoptosis, to which the death signals run: through mitochondrial pathways (caspase 3 and caspase 9), through intrinsic pathways by endoplasmic reticulum (caspase 3 and caspase 12), through extrincic pathways (caspase 3 and caspase 8) and one from inflammatory markers: caspase 1. Histological images showed that the apoptosis phenomenon occurs after the administration of adriamycin in hepatocytes in a zonate way and is dependent on the time that has elapsed since its administration. Immunohistochemical studies showed, in both a qualitative and quantitative way, a phenomenon of apoptosis in hepatocytes (executive caspase 3) and necrosis (caspase 1). It was also proved that the signal for the induction of apoptosis showed zonation and mainly followed the mitochondrial pathway (caspase 9); the intrinsic pathway by endoplasmic reticulum was much less common (caspase 12); while even more rarely caspase 8 was identified as a marker of an extrinsic pathway to induce apoptosis.
In the present study the quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical examinations of rats' renal tubular epithelial cells were conducted to determine the presence of proteins involved in adriamycin-induced apoptosis, in which death signalling was produced through the mitochondrial pathway involving proteins: Bcl-2, BAX, Apaf-1, and caspases 9 and 3; the extrinsic pathway - proteins of caspase 8 and 3; and the endoplasmic reticulum pathway - caspases 12 and 3. Moreover, caspase 1 - one of the post- necrosis inflammation markers, was evaluated immunohistochemically. Adriamycin-induced apoptosis in the renal tubular cells occurred after 4 weeks and intensified after 7 weeks (an increase in reaction to the executing caspase 3). Irrespective of the time factor, it developed through the mitochondrial pathway (statistically-significant increase in reaction for, BAX, Apaf-1, caspase 9) and reticular pathway (statistically-significant increase in reaction for caspase 12). No increased reaction was observed for caspase 1.
In previous papers, we noticed that adriamycin given to female rats before their planned pregnancy has a delaying effect under the form of apoptosis for foetal hepatocytes. The purpose of present study was for a quantitative assessment of foetal renal tubular epithelial cells, as an effect means of delaying adriamycin action (apoptotic index). Expression of effector caspase 3 was also assessed. In the investigations, a standard three-step immunohistochemical method was used. The area covered by positive caspase 3 reaction was examined. In the kidneys of foetuses from the experimental group, we noticed an increase in the apoptotic index; furthermore, immunohistochemical reaction for caspase 3 covered a statistically significantly larger range as compared to the control group. The delayed effect of adriamycin, which was given to female rats before pregnancy, was an increase in apoptosis in foetal renal tubular epithelial cells.
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