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Nowadays, safety of chemical preservatives has been questioned by a big number of consumers. Traditionally used preservatives often cause skin irritation and lead to allergenic reactions. Growing demands for more natural and preservative-free cosmetics promoted an idea of the replacement of synthetic preservatives with essential oils (EOs) of antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial effect of essential oil depends on content, concentration and interactions between the main active compounds. Effective preservatives should be characterized by a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity at a minimum concentration. Formulations containing both types of preservatives: essential oil and a synthetic one have been tested and proposed as a compromise that allows for reducing concentration of both components due to their synergistic activity. Although most essential oils are regarded as safe, some of them may cause risk of contact allergy or phototoxic reaction. A well balanced risk-benefit assessment of essential oils is one of the great challenges for scientists or health policy authorities. This paper presents current state of knowledge on essential oils focused on their antimicrobial properties, the assessment of their efficacy and safety as cosmetic preservatives.
Introduction: Willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. syn. Epilobium angustifolium L. from Onagraceae family is a valuable medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of urogenital disorders including BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy). The raw material is a rich source of polyphenols as well as steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acids. Due to frequent interspecific hybridization, plants collected in wild display a very diverse and variable content of active compounds. This poses a challenge in obtaining high quality and homogenous raw material. Application of the in vitro cultures and micropropagation techniques may offer a solution for alternative methods of cultivation. Objective: This work presents preliminary results of the first implementation of in vitro cultures of willow herb to obtain material for medicinal purposes. Methods: Sterile seedlings were donors of explants, which were used for induction of multi-shoots culture according to a modified protocol described by Turker and co-workers. Statistical analysis was used for assessment of significance of differences among variables. Results: Six different genotypes (lines) originating from root explants were chosen for clonal propagation. Efficiency of the elaborated method was 16–20 shoots per explant. Finally, over 3000 acclimatized plants were obtained and used for field crops. Conclusions: The use of Ch. angustifolium in vitro cultures can contribute to the introduction of this valuable herb for field crops and increase the availability of the raw material for food and pharmaceutical industries.
Rhodiola rosea L. (różeniec górski) to bylina należąca do rodziny Crassulaceae, występująca na terenach północnych Azji, górskich regionach Europy oraz w subarktycznych rejonach Ameryki Północnej. Różeniec górski od wieków jest stosowany w tradycyjnej medycynie azjatyckiej. Przypisuje mu się działanie stymulujące ośrodkowy system nerwowy, działanie zwiększające fizyczną i umysłową wydolność organizmu, zmniejszające zmęczenie, a także działanie adapto- genne, kardiochronne, przeciwnowotworowe i przeciwutleniające. Istnieje niewiele badań farmakologicznych czy klinicznych potwierdzających tak szeroki zakres działania wyciągów z Rhodiola rosea. Najbardziej interesującym aspektem działania tej rośliny są jej własności psychostymulujące, które wzbudzają duże nadzieje na wykorzystanie w medycynie lub w do­datkach funkcjonalnych diety. Korzenie różeńca górskiego zawierają bardzo wiele związków biologicznie czynnych, takich jak fenylopropanoidy (rozawiny), związki fenolowe (salidrozyd), monoterpeny, flawonoidy, p-tyrozol i kwasy organiczne. Wyciągi z różeńca mają rozległy za­kres działania fizjologicznego, włącznie ze zmianą poziomu neurotransmiterów, aktywnośa centralnego układu nerwowego i układu krążenia. Psychostymulujące działanie kojarzone jest ze zmianami poziomu dopaminy i serotoniny w mózgu. Własności adaptogenne wiąże się ze zdolnością wpływania na poziom i aktywność niektórych monoamin i peptydów opioidowych, takich jak beta-endorfiny. Aktywność przeciwutleniająca i działanie ochronne na różne tkanki organizmu wyciągów z Rhodiola rosea potwierdzono w licznych pracach naukowych. Biotechnologiczne badania nad różeńcem górskim są prowadzone w wielu krajach (m.in. w Rosji, Finlandii, Niemczech i Polsce). Celem naukowców jest zwiększenie zawartości związków biologicznie czynnych w kulturach tkankowych za pomocą elicytacji czy biotrans- formacji, co jest spowodowane wzrastającym obecnie zainteresowaniem przemysłu farma­ceutycznego, kosmetycznego i spożywczego nowymi, alternatywnymi sposobami otrzymy­wania cennego surowca roślinnego.
Salvia miltiorrhiza (family: Lamiaceae) is well known as Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine. It is used mainly in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A number of pharmacological studies have proved its wide spectrum of pharmacological activities: cardiovascular protective effect, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial and anticancer. The roots of S. miltiorrhiza contain two main groups of active compounds: phenolic constituents and abietane-type diterpenoids (tanshinones). The studies on S. miltiorrhiza in vitro cultures have been focused on secondary metabolites production for over two decades. Both cultures, undifferentiated and transformed, are able to synthesize the active compounds but their content is low. The elicitation treatment significantly enhances the metabolites content at a level close or much higher than in the intact plants. The induction effect depends on many factors: the kind and dose of the elicitor, the type of the culture and its susceptibility, time and ways of administration, the growth state of tissues etc. The yeast extract and some heavy metal ions effectively induce tanshinones biosynthesis such as cryptotanshinone, whereas methyl jasmonate stimulate mainly phenolic compounds – lithospermic acid B and demonstrated limited effect on diterpenoids accumulation. Nowadays, the much attention has been paid to the biosynthetic pathways and genes including expression profiling and cloning. The recognition of the genes pathways and the transcription factors (including the signal transduction steps level) will be helpful in better understanding of the regulatory mechanism and improvement of the production of the interesting secondary metabolites and eventually appliance in the industry.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are the class of secondary metabolites that evolved as a powerful tool in the plant defensive interactions against herbivores. The occurrence of PAs in the plant world is scattered in several unrelated botanic families with special abundance in Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Fabaceae. Homospermidine synthase (HSS) was recognized as a key enzyme that catalyzes homospermidine formation from polyamines. The studies of HSS kinetic and gene sequence revealed that it is of polyphyletic origin and raised as a result of deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) gene duplication. The ability of PAs production occurred independently at least four times in course of plant evolution. The PAs biosynthesis is tightly correlated with growth phase and biomass production. It is supposed that PAs biosynthesis is individually regulated in different lineages of plants. The PAs with a 1,2 unsaturated necine skeleton show toxic activity (hepatoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, teratogenocity and cytotoxicity). It is though that pyrrolic esters formation during the detoxication process in the liver is the main mechanism of PAs toxicity. The pyrrolic esters are highly reactive and tend to bind rapidly with nucleophilic macromolecules including DNA and DNA-protein inducing hepatotoxicity or tumorigenecity. The problem of PAs toxicity cause the restrictions in the production and sale of herbal products. This review encompasses the present status of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plants studies and summarize the topics of chemistry, biosynthesis, evolution including the involved genes, the factors affecting on biosynthesis, accumulation and toxicity of PAs.
This study assessed regrowth of micropropagated Rhodiola Kirilowii buds after encapsulation of axillary buds and differentiating callus in calcium alginate hydrogel and low-temperature preservation. This method of micropropagation was applied to obtain enough plant material for studies on chemical compounds of Rhodiola Kirilowii, a plant difficult to obtain from its natural environment. Axillary buds and differentiating callus were encapsulated in calcium alginate and stored at 4°C for 1 to 15 weeks and then transferred to hormone-free MS medium. The best results were obtained after six weeks of preservation: 100% of the encapsulated explants survived and developed into shoots and plantlets after subculture on basal MS medium. Longer storage of encapsulated axillary shoot buds decreased their regrowth, but the duration of storage of encapsulated differentiating callus had no significant influence on its survival.
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