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The efficiency of a microwave-assisted Fenton-like process using special supported catalysts was evaluated using total organic carbon (TOC) removal from pharmaceutical wastewater. No acidifi cation was required. The highest level of TOC removal efficiency from wastewater achieved was 65.88%. Moreover, the maximum number of consecutive uses with high activity was four. Under optimal conditions, the influent value of BOD5/COD was 0.25, and the effluent value of BOD5/COD was elevated to 0.40. In addition, colour was completely removed. This efficiency was compared with the same MW-Fentonlike process using common supported catalysts, where the highest achieved TOC removal efficiency from wastewater was 39.25%, the colour of the wastewater decreased from 50 to 20, and the value of BOD5/COD was elevated from 0.25 to 0.34. The maximum number of consecutive high activity uses was two. This advanced performance was attributed to no presence of copper carbonate or cerium carbonate on the surface of special supported catalysts. The preparation method for these catalysts combined the merits of the isometric impregnation method with some new improvements. Its advantages include high-efficiency performance, short preparation time, low reagent usage (cupric nitrate 3.6 g, cerium nitrate 1.2 g, ammonia 1 mL), and reusability. The properties of the catalyst with the most efficient performance were characterized by determining surface particle size, the relative amount of active components and promoters, and the stable crystal form of the active components.
Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is not only a monocot grass species, but also a promising model organism of crop research. In this study, the drought resistance of four Brachypodium varieties was identified including drought stress-tolerant Bd1-1 and Bd21, drought stress-susceptible Bd3-1 and Bd18-1. Physiological assay showed that drought-tolerant varieties (Bd1-1 and Bd21) were more effective in maintenance of leaf water content, activation of catalase and peroxidase activities and accumulation of reduced glutathione, resulting in alleviated cell damage and lower reactive oxygen species level than drought-susceptible varieties (Bd3-1 and Bd18-1) in response to drought stress. In addition, 54 primary metabolites were differentially regulated among Brachypodium varieties and after drought stress treatment, indicating the complexity of Brachypodium response to drought stress. We also identified several commonly regulated metabolites especially some compatible solutes including proline and soluble sugars, which exhibited higher concentrations in the drought-tolerant varieties. Taken together, this study suggested that natural variation of Brachypodium varieties in response to drought stress might be connected with higher leaf water, enhanced accumulation of osmolyte and more effective antioxidant system, as well as the modulation of metabolic profiles under drought stress conditions.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a biologically, agriculturally, and economically important vegetable crop consumed worldwide. Catechins (Cs) are the main astringent substances that affect the oral sensory quality of cucumber fruit, and they exhibit potential human health benefits in the amelioration of chronic diseases. However, little is known about the primary components of Cs or their regulatory mechanisms in cucumber. In this study, dynamic changes in C levels and the expression patterns of C-related genes in the peel and flesh of cucumber inbred line ‘YB’, which is strongly astringent during the early fruit development period, were examined. Only three types of Cs, gallocatechin, C and epigallocatechin gallate, were detectable in cucumber fruit, and their contents decreased with fruit development. Gallocatechin was the major C and was present in significantly greater concentrations in peel than in flesh. The expression profiles of 38 genes related to C biosynthesis were investigated by qRT-PCR. We hypothesized that CsPAL3, CsPAL5, CsC4H1, Cs4CL2, CsCHS2, CsCHI2, CsDFR2, CsF3H3, and CsANS are the important C biosynthesis regulators in cucumber fruit. The isolation of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes provides important molecular resources for further genetic manipulations of C biosynthesis in cucumber.
Waterlogging stress lowers yields in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). A major component of waterlogging stress is the lack of oxygen available to submerged tissues. Although the morphology and physiology of plants grown under anaerobic conditions have been studied in detail, limited work has been done to elucidate adaptations at the molecular level. To gain comprehensive insight into how sesame responds to hypoxia at the genome level, we performed gene expression profiling at two time points during a 36-h period following hypoxic treatment using a whole-genome RNA-Seq analysis. We identified sets of significantly positively and negatively expressed genes (induced and repressed, respectively) in response to hypoxia with distinct temporal profiles. The genes that were affected were associated with glycolysis, nitrogen metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction and indicated the upregulation of particular pathways (glycolysis/glycogenesis) in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Moreover, significant changes in the expression of genes were found for pathways, including flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, as well as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, spliceosome, circadian rhythm. This study helps in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance and provides a basis for the genetic engineering of sesame.
The cucumber cotyledon greening bioassay for cytokinins was modified by using 95 % acetone -ethanol in stead of 80 % acetone as ex traction solvent. The cotyledons were ex tracted directly with a 2:1 (v/v) ac e tone-ethanol solution in dark for 24 hours, omitting the homogenization and centrifugation operations of the previous bioassay. The modified bioassay is more convenient and especially use ful in screening cytokinin-active substance from a large number of samples.
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