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The aim of the project is to present the role of the plant in effective complementary seeding of grasslands. Two groups of issues were distinguished. The first group is associated with the plant introduced by means of complementary seeding – criteria of species and variety selection, factors affecting sprouting, emergence as well as the growth and development of seedlings. The second group comprises problems associated with the influence of primary vegetation, plants present in the sward of grasslands which are being oversown - plant compatibility and restriction of their effect on seedlings. The paper is the result of studies of literature and own investigations on grassland renovation and, first of all of the author's own considerations. The role of the plant in the process of grassland renovation by complementary seeding is very important. It cannot be limited to the selection of species or cultivar of plants sown under. There is a whole domain of plant properties, beginning with the phase of sprouting and emergence to the stage of full feed utilisation which play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the sod seeding process. Furthermore, this effectiveness is also influenced by the sward vegetation itself into which the introduced species or cultivars are sown. Studies on sod seeding in Poland have continued for a long time, albeit with varying intensity and influenced by altering current technical possibilities. Complementary seeding defined as a method of grassland renovation already seems to be a thing of the past. In future it will be more and more treated as a managing treatment of meadows and pastures similar to fertilisation or irrigation. Pro-ecological character of oversowing and overdrilling rnakes this treatment applicable not only on grasslands but also on objects not connected with forage utilisation, such as lawns and marginal areas. This operation may well serve to increase floristic diversity of meadows, but equally importantly it can be used to re-introduce lost species and reconstruction of grass communities. There are high expectations concerning the plant as the key element in the process of cornplementary seeding. The important question is whether the issue of oversowing and overdrilling is also taken under consideration in the process of breeding work and seed production.
Aura
|
2007
|
nr 05
10-11
In Poland there is a discussion how to spent funds granted by the EU. It focuses on the question whether the methods of spending funds should be decided by the local government (the head of the local government), or controlled - and to what extent - by the voievode appointed by the central government. If we want to avoid problems in near future, we should set up a mechanism for invalidating strategies and programs non-compliant with the EU policy and held officers of governmental bodies and local governments accountable for decisions breaching EU law. The establishment of an independent Strategic Centre for Poland’s Development to create long-term development strategies would be necessary.
Aura
|
2004
|
nr 01
10-11
Land use is based on the arrangement of numerous systems: settlement, transport, cultural ones, and on power generation and gas networks. Due to this, areas valuable in natural terms should be protected against urbanization or any other human activity, are disregarded. That is why the concept of natural system should be introduced into land use planning. European regulations also require defining and delineating of the Polish natural system.
Przedstawione walory przyrodniczego środowiska Polski pod kątem tworzenia regionalnych polityk ekologicznych. W celu dostosowania się do wymagań Unii Europejskiej konieczne są zmiany w polskim ustawodawstwie i sposobie podejścia do planowania przestrzennego zgodnie z założeniami zrównoważonego rozwoju.
Until 1989 the Polish natural and cultural heritage generally had belonged to the state. The state protected it by stringent laws, and used it to its own ends. In 1989, a dramatic change occurred. Polish citizens regained their rights, which are often far reaching than those of the EU countries, in deciding on matters of their land, and consequently, the environment. However this led to an increased threat to the natural heritage. Currently, it seems, anyone can build anything, anywhere. This results in destruction of the unique natural beauty and landscape, haphazard spread of urban areas and total disregard for regional traditions. There is an urgent need for new legislation on the environment which would take into account natural and cultural heritage.
Under the framework of preparations for the implementation of the EU regulations, the Environmental Law imposes on voivodships, poviats and municipalities the duty to develop environmental protection plans. They cover four-year periods, with consideration to prospects for another four years. The author focuses on related problems.
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