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The 150 Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from humans and from pigs belonged to biotypes 4 (68.7%), 1A (18.7%) and 2 (4%), or were biochemically untypeable (8.6%). Biotype 4 was comprised of Y. enterocolitica strains representing serotype 0:3, within biotype 1A the strains either belonged to serotypes 0:5 and 0:6 or were untypeable, and biotype 2 was represented by the strains of serotype 0:9. The strains which were biochemically untypeable belonged to serotypes 0:5, 0:6 and 0:3. Among the strains tested there also were those of an unidentified biotype and serotype. Nearly all the strains of biotype 1A represented genotype ystB+myfA+, and few belonged to genotype ystB+. The presence of the ystB gene in the strains of biotype 1A and only occasional occurrence of the gene in the other biotypes makes ystB a distinguishing marker of biotype 1A. The strains of genotype ystA+ail+myfA+yadA+ predominated in biotype 4 (serotype 0:3). The strains of biotype 2 (serotype 0:9) represented genotype ystA+ail+myfA+, and the plasmid yadA gene was detected in some of them. Within the group of biochemically untypeable strains ystB- and myfA-specific PCR products were mainly obtained. The genotypes determined for the tested biotypes and serotypes of Y. enterocolitica, based upon the selected genes of virulence, can be applied as distinguishing markers and indicators of the potential virulence of Y. enterocolitica strains, excluding bioserotyping.
A total of 192 pig tonsils were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica rods. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 25 (13.02%) pig tonsil samples collected from various herds in Northeast Poland. All isolates, except for one which was not typeable, were found to belong to biotypes 4 (60%) and 1A (36%). The PCR product of 747 bp, resulting from the amplification of the plasmid-borne yadA gene fragment, was detected in 14 biotype 4 isolates with CRMOX-positive phenotype. The PCR products of 356 bp, corresponding to the ail gene fragment, and of 134 bp, corresponding to the ystA gene fragment, were detected in all the tested isolates belonging to biotype 4. The isolates of biotype 1A and the untypeable isolate gave the PCR product of 69 bp, corresponding to the ystB gene fragment. All of the Y. enterocolitica isolates gave a positive PCR reaction for the myfA gene. All Y. enterocolitica isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, imipenem, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides and susceptible or moderately susceptible to norfloxacin. All the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and most of them were resistant to cefazolin. In comparison to biotype 4 isolates, which were all susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulan, in biotype 1A 55.6% of the isolates were resistant to this combination. The present study supports the hypothesis that swine represent a potential reservoir for Y. enterocolitica strains which are possibly pathogenic for humans.
The natriuretic peptide family comprises atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP), and urodilatin. The activities of natriuretic peptides and endothelins are strictly associated with each other. ANP and BNP inhibit endothelin-1 (ET-1) production. ET-1 stimulates natriuretic peptide synthesis. All natriuretic peptides are synthesized from polypeptide precursors. Changes in natriuretic peptides and endothelin release were observed in many cardiovascular diseases: e.g. chronic heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease.
Psychotropic drugs activate synchronized patterns of gene expression in the brain. These patterns are connected to biological processes involved in therapeutic as well as adverse drug effects. To reveal the transcriptional networks activated by different classes of psychotropic drugs we compared the effects of antidepressants (e.g. mianserine, fluoxetine), analgesics (e.g. morphine, heroin), psychostimulants (e.g. methamphetamine, cocaine) and antipsychotics (e.g. clozapine, haloperidol) on genomic profile in mouse (C57BL/6J) striatum. We applied a whole-genome microarray (Illumina WG-6) profiling to characterize time-course of transcriptome alterations following acute drug administration (1, 2, 4 and 8h after injection). We identified major drug-regulated expression patterns that are formed by inducible transcriptional networks, as for example: (1) CREB/SRF-dependent genes that appears to be related to dopaminergic activity the striatum, (2) the group of genes controlled at least in part via release of steroid hormones. The data were stored as raw values, fold of change versus saline and P value of drug versus saline comparison in the database (available at www. genes2mind.org). The database interface allows for multidimensional data analysis (PCA), search for drug using genomic signatures and visualize drug-regulated gene transcription patterns. Our results elucidates the networks of drug-induced genes that share common regulatory elements, functional relations and may provide novel diagnostic tools for prediction of drug effectiveness. This work was supported by EU grant LSHM-CT-2004-005166, POIG DeMeTer 3.1 and NN405 274137 grants.
Badano wpływ nawadniania odpływami z mechaniczno-biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków lub nawożenia mineralnego NPK gleb łąkowych na liczebność bakterii proteolitycznych, amonifikacyjnych, nitryfikacyjnych I i II fazy, redukujących NO₃⁻ do NO₂⁻ oraz wiążących azot atmosferyczny w warunkach tlenowych (Azo-tobacter i in.) i beztlenowych (Clostridium pasteurianum). Badania przeprowadzono w 8 różnych wariantach nawodnieniowo-nawożeniowych na poletkach łąkowych przy oczyszczalni ścieków w Olsztynku. Stwierdzono częstokroć większe liczebności badanych bakterii cyklu azotowego w glebach nawadnianych odpływami ściekowymiz oczyszczalni lub tymi samymi odpływami retencjonowanymi w stawie biologicznym aniżeli w glebach nienawadnianych (kontrolnych). Niekiedy większe liczebności tych bakterii występowały przy wyższych dawkach nawodnieniowych ścieków odpływających z oczyszczalni i dodatkowo retencjonowanych w stawie biologicznym. W glebach nawożonych NPK liczby badanych bakterii były porównywalne ze stwierdzanymi w glebach nawadnianych odpływami z mechaniczno-biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków. W glebach nienawadnianych i nienawożonych liczby badanych bakterii cyklu azotowego były z reguły większe w warstwie z głębokości 0 - 10 cm, mniejsze w warstwach z głębokości 15 - 25 cm i 30 - 50 cm; w glebach nawadnianych odpływami z oczyszczalni retencjonowanymi w stawie biologicznym niekiedy więcej ich stwierdzano w warstwach z głębokości 15 - 25 cm i/lub 30 - 50 cm. Dotyczyło to zwłaszcza bakterii redukujących NO₃⁻ do NO₂⁻ i bakterii wiążących azot atmosferyczny.
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has emerged as a novel target for controlling plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. At present it is clear that the major classes of commonly prescribed lipid-lowering medications increase serum PCSK9 levels and fail to protect a significant percentage of patients from cardiovascular events. Therefore development of new LDL-C lowering medications that either do not increase circulating PCSK9 levels or work through inhibition of PCSK9 expression and protease activity is a highly desirable approach to overcome hypercholesterolemia. Since there are several agents which are being evaluated in human preclinical and clinical trials, this review summarizes current therapeutic strategies targeting PCSK9, including specific antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and other small-molecule inhibitors.
Genomic response of neuronal cell to external stimuli includes expression of specific transcript isoforms, that use alternative transcription start sites and polyadenylation signals. We applied microarray profiling (Illumina Mouse WG-6) and next-generation sequencing (SOLID 5500xl) to screen for drug-induced activitydependent transcriptional events in the C57BL/6J mouse striatum. We compared effects on gene expression induced by psychoactive drugs with diverse neuropharmacological mechanisms of action (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, psychostimulants and opiods). Using whole-genome approach we identified a pool of transcripts that are regulated by the psychotropic drugs in mouse striatum (317 transcripts). We found that drug-responsive transcripts are organized into three main co-regulated gene expression networks. Furthermore, using Bowtie read aligner and Cufflinks algorithm we identified specific gene isoforms responsive to drug treatment. 58% among the drug-regulated transcripts were defined as alternative transcription events. To search for transcriptional factors that control alternative gene transcription in the brain we developed seqinterpreter web-based tool (http:// seqinterpreter.cremag.org). We found SRF, NPAS4 and GR as candidate regulatory factors. The complex program of regulation in gene transcription may further impact long-lasting alterations in brain function.
The aim of this study was to characterize clinical isolates of S. aureus. A total of 20 strains were characterized by coagulase activity, presence of the clumping factor, mannitol fermenta­tion, fibrinolysin production in human and bovine plasma, hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, egg yolk reaction, tellurite reduction, phosphatase production, growth with crystal violet. The iso­lates were tested for antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic disks used were penicillin, amoxycillin, cefalexin, gentamicin, lincomicin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, bacitracin and tetracycline. In this study total strains were classified into 4 biotypes based on acid production from mannitol, mannose and ribose. The strains were tested for induction to L forms with a variety of antibiotics to determine the ease of induction for different strains. The strains of S. aureus were tested used PCR — fingerprinting.
Sixty isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica from pigs belonging to 1A and 4 biotypes, and one non-typeable isolate were investigated in order to determine the occurrence of genes directly connected with pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica by using a multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR assay was based on the amplification of the αil, ystA, ystB, and yαdA genes in one reaction. The bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon test was used to evaluate cells surface hydrophobicity of Y. enterocolitica. Assay of biofilm formation was performed with the use of polystyrene tissue culture plate. In all isolates (n=33) of biotype 1A and in biochemically not typeable isolate, the ystB-specific amplification product of 68 bp was obtained. In all isolates (n=26) of biotype 4, the specific PCR products for ystA gene and αil gene were obtained. In the majority of this biotype isolates (18/26) the specific PCR product for the plasmid yαdA gene was detected. The percentage of isolates with hydrophobic surface of cells was 27.8% and 30.8% within biotype 1A and 4, respectively. All hydrophilic and hydrophobic isolates of Y. enterocolitica adhered to polystyrene, although in different degree. These results suggest that cell-surface hydrophobicity is not important in Y. enterocolitica adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. The multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection the αil, ystA, ystB and yαdA genes, enabled fast evaluation of the potential virulence of isolates and differentiation of the pYV plasmid-bearing Y. enterocolitica isolates, the plasmidless isolates, and biotype 1A isolates.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cocaine is a potent psychostimulant that increases levels of striatal dopamine and activates neuronal circuits controlling motivation and reward-based learning. Transcriptional response to cocaine includes expression of alternative gene isoforms and splicing variants. Unraveling the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in selection of active transcription start and termination sites provides novel insight into molecular basis of drug-induced brain plasticity. METHODS: We used next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) to comprehensively map expression of genesin the mouse striatum. Total RNA and small RNA resequencing was performed in samples collected 1 h after acute treatment with 25 mg/kg cocaine. To identify transcripts responsive to drug treatment we used Tophat read-mapper and Cufflinks algorithm for FPKM quantification. The seqinterpreter online tool was used to search for key regulatory factors that control alternative gene transcription in the brain (http://seqinterpreter.cremag.org). RESULTS: In addition to increased expression of activity-regulated genes, different types of cocaine-inducible splicing variants and transcript biotypes were identified. Examples of different modalities of gene expression include alternative first exon (e.g. Stxbp1), alternative last exon (Hsph1), intron retention (Dnajb5), long noncoding RNA (Gm13889) and small RNA (Mir92b and Mir130a). In order to investigate neuron-type specificity of gene expression we have used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate genetically labeled dopamine receptor 1 expressing neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a comprehensive assessment of neuronal activity-induced gene expression at the level of individual transcriptional units rather than whole genes. Further experiments will explore differences in activity-regulated gene expression in discrete neuron types, i.e. the D1 or D2 expressing medium spiny neurons of the striatum. This work was supported by NCN grant SONATA 2011/03/D/ NZ3/01686.
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