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Extracellular vesicles – EV’s, including exosomes, are known to be essential tools of intercellular communication, enabling the exchange of information without direct contact between cells. Exosomes are secreted both in vitro and in vivo by single- and multi-cellular organisms, regardless of their type, and play an essential role in cellto- cell communication. EV’s may carry various materials and ongoing studies have provided a new insight into their potential participation in various critical biological processes, including carcinogenesis, protein trafficking, immunostimulation and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Although knowledge of the contribution of exosomes in Toxoplasma invasion is still very limited, the present article discusses aspects of their involvement in the interactions between host and T. gondii.
The parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is capable of altering intermediate host natural defensive behavior, which is believed to facilitate the parasite’s transmission in the environment. Despite extensive research on the subject, the exact mechanism behind the host manipulation remains obscure. However, key neurotransmitter levels are listed among possible contributing factors. Thus, the study was aimed at evaluating the monoaminergic activity in specified brain regions of T. gondii infected mice of both genders. The obtained results show that parasite invasion influences all tested monoamine systems and the observed changes depend on gender and time after infection. The parasiteinduced neurotransmission alterations were mostly pronounced during acute toxoplasmosis and they involved a decrease in noradrenergic system activity in females and its slight increase in some brain areas of males as well as a rise in serotonin and dopamine systems activity in males. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of T. gondii involvement in the host behavior control and in the occurrence of certain CNS disorders in humans. The study was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant N N302 636340)
The aim of this study was to test the potential diagnostic usefulness of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry antigens, ROP2 and ROP4, with respect to toxoplasmosis detection and infection phase distinction in laboratory mouce by determining specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies with the use of indirect ELISA technique. The mice antibody response to ROP antigens was significantly higher in the IgM than in the IgG class with the peak on the turn of acute and latent infection, whereas the response to recombinant SAG1 antigen, used as control, revealed preferential synthesis of IgG antibodies with the highest absorbance values measured during latent toxoplasmosis.
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