Określono wpływ warunków przechowywania na przemiany zachodzące w czasie forsowania granulatów i szyszek chmielu odmiany Marynka i Lubelski. Przeanalizowano zawartość związków fenolowych oraz określono aktywność przeciwutleniającą metodą FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parametr) i stopień zestarzenia form chmielu przy pomocy analizy HSI (hop storage index). Granulaty przechowywane w warunkach próżniowych, charakteryzują się największą stabilnością w zakresie zachowania zawartości polifenoli jak i aktywności przeciwutleniającej w porównaniu z granulatem przechowywanym w atmosferze ditlenku węgla lub przy dostępie powietrza. Obniżenie temperatury przechowywania w największym stopniu wpływa na spowolnienie zmian zachodzących w przechowywanych produktach chmielowych.
The squid hepatopancreas, containing 20-60% lipids, is not suitable on board vessel for producing fodder meal and is often discarded, although it constitutes the major part of the viscera and is a rich source of proteolytic enzymes. The proteolytic activity against hemoglobin at pH 3.0 of the extract of the he pato pan ere a s of frozen stored squid, calculated per mg of protein, is about 20 times higher than that of the extract of the rest of the viscera. Due to incubation of the homogenate at pH 3.0 at 30 and 40°C in 2 days a clear watery phase was formed, well separated from the oily fraction containing floating solid particles of the autolysate. In 2 days about 35 and 50% of the protein was hydrolysed at 20°C and 30-40°C, respectively, to degradation products not precipitated by TCA. The proteolytic activity of the autolyzed homogenate after 2 days at pH 3.0 is about 80 % of that of the original homogenate. Incubation at 40°C at pH 3.0 decreased the activity after 6 days by about 50%. In the autolysate of squid hepatopancreas the proteolytic activity at pH 3.0 in the absence of reducing compounds was almost totally due to aspartic proteases. In the presence of dithiothreitol the activity increased by about 50%, but the increase was only partly due to the presence of thiol proteases.
Vitamin C performs many functions in the human body and is very important for its proper functioning. The main vitamin C sources in the human diet are fruits and vegetables. Changes of total content of vitamin C (Tc), L-ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroL-ascorbic acid (DHA) in selected fruits and vegetables during storage at 20°C until spoilage were determined. A decrease of Tc and AA contents and an increase of DHA concentration were noted. Products of high acidity such as lemon and tomato were characterized by the highest retention of vitamin C. An increase of the DHA to Tc ratio (%) was observed. On the first day of storage the DHA/Tc ratio was higher than 10% in broccoli, cucumber and banana, while on the last day – it amounted over 40% in banana and cucumber, between 20 and 40% in parsley leaves and broccoli, and below 20% in tomato, cauliflower and lemon. In order to obtain correct results of vitamin C determination in fruits and vegetables it is necessary to take DHA content into consideration.
Określono zmiany zawartości witaminy C w handlowych sokach: pomarańczowym, grejpfrutowym, jabłkowym i nektarze z czarnej porzeczki podczas 48 godzinnego przechowywania po otwarciu opakowania. Próbki soków i nektaru przechowywano w temperaturze chłodniczej (4°C) oraz pokojowej (21°C). Najmniejszą stabilność witaminy C stwierdzono w nektarze porzeczkowym. Po 48 godzinach przechowywania w temperaturze pokojowej, obniżenie jej zawartości sięgało 61,34%. W tych samych warunkach przechowalniczych straty witaminy C w sokach pomarańczowych i grejpfrutowym wahały się od 5,99% do 11,87%. W warunkach chłodniczych, po 48 godzinnym przechowywaniu obniżenie zawartości witaminy C w nektarze porzeczkowym wynosiło 27,22%, a w sokach pomarańczowych i grejpfrutowym od 1,63% do 4,01%. Niska zawartość witaminy C (0,05 mg·(100g)-1) w soku jabłkowym nie pozwoliła na określenie jej stabilności przechowalniczej. Warunki chłodnicze wpłynęły na większą stabilność witaminy C w badanych produktach. Spośród soków największą stabilność witaminy C wykazano w soku grejpfrutowym natomiast najmniejszą, w nektarze porzeczkowym, po 48 godzinach przechowywania.
The wetting properties of solid mineral samples (by contact angles) in original surfactant-containing sea water (Gulf of Gdańsk,Ba ltic) were characterised under laboratory conditions on a large set (31 samples) of well-classified stones of diverse hydrophobicity using the sessile drop (ADSA-P approach),ca ptive bubble and inclined plate methods. An experimental relation between the static contact angle θeq and stone density ρ was obtained in the form θeq = Bρ + C,wher e B = 12.23 ± 0.92, C = −(19.17 ± 0.77),an d r2 = 0.92. The histogram of θeq distribution for polished stone plates exhibited a multimodal feature indicating that the most abundant solid materials (hydrophilic in nature) have contact angles θeq = 7.2,10. 7,15. 7 and 19.2◦,whic h appear to be applicable to unspecified field stones as well. The contact angle,a pH-dependent quantity,ap pears to be a sensitive measure of stone grain size,e.g . granite. The captive bubble method gives reproducible results in studies of porous and highly hydrophilic surfaces such as stones and wood. The authors consider the adsorption of natural sea water surfactants on stone surfaces to be the process responsible for contact angle hysteresis. In the model,an equation was derived for determining the solid surface free energy from the liquid’s surface tension γLV; it also enabled the advancing θA and receding θR contact angles of this liquid to be calculated. Measurements of contact angle hysteresis Δθ(= θA − θR) with surfactant-containing sea water and distilled water (reference) on the same stone surfaces allowed the film pressure ΔΠ (1.22 to 8.80 mJ m−2), solid surface free energy ΔγS (−17.03 to −23.61 mJ m−2) and work done by spreading ΔWS (−1.23 to −11.52 mJ m−2) to be determined. The variability in these parameters is attributed to autophobing,an effect operative on a solid surface covered with an adsorptive layer of surfactants. The wetting behaviour of solid particles is of great importance in numerous technological processes including froth flotation,d emulgation,an ti-foaming procedures and the coal industries. It is believed that the approach presented here and the examples of its application to common sea water/solid mineral systems could be successfully adapted to optimise several surfactant-mediated adsorption processes (see below) of practical value in natural water ecology.