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Many algorithms of interpolation of temperature of air need digital elevations model and vertical gradient of temperature. The procedure of making the simple map of gradient on the base of empirical data, and estimating the possibilities of using the map to another data are discussed in the paper.
An ecohydrodynamic model was used to investigate the effect of the Hel upwelling on nutrient concentrations, primary production and phytoplankton biomass. The model covered the whole Baltic Sea with a 5 NM grid spacing and the Gulf of Gdańskwith a 1 NM grid spacing. Validation indicated good agreement between model results and measurements in the GdańskD eep, and slightly weaker concord for the Hel upwelling area. The vertical nutrient fluxes associated with up- and downwelling in the Hel region were simulated for two 30-day periods in 2000. The nutrient input resulting from long-term upwelling is comparable to the load carried into the Gulf of Gdańskb y the Vistula (Wisła), the largest river in the vicinity. Performed at times when upwelling was almost permanent, the simulations showed elevated nutrient concentrations in surface waters. This was especially distinct in spring when primary production and phytoplankton biomass were both higher. In late summer, however, upwelling caused primary production to decrease, despite the elevated nutrient levels.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania koncepcji kapitału intelektualnego do oceny przedsiębiorstw branży turystycznej. Do pomiaru kapitału intelektualnego wybranych podmiotów gospodarczych wykorzystano metodę VAICTM. Metoda VAICTM pozwala na pomiar kapitału intelektualnego i jego komponentów w spółkach branży turystycznej. Jest to metoda obiektywna, pozwalająca na porównywanie badanych spółek między sobą. W badanych firmach stwierdzono wyraźne różnice w poziomie kapitału intelektualnego, a także jego komponentów.
The paper presents the results of the research conducted in 1994 in 15 farms chosen at random, situated in North-Eastern Poland. Considering detailed everyday book records made by farmers the influence of" farm area and its changes on the economic results achieved by the farms was determined.
The problem of selection and operation mode of machinery sots is becoming more and more important in the conditions ufa free market economy, аз mechanization costs have a significant i influence on farm income. The obtained research results allow to state that the examined farms are characterized by too high costs and low efficiency of mechanization which may impend over their future existence.
The main directions of changes concerning individual farms of the Olsztyn province, taking place in the years 1980-1993, are presented in the paper. Special emphasis was put on the process of individual farm adaptation to the free market requirements during several years. The changes in the land possession structure, plant and animal production, consumption of production moans and purchase of agricultural products were analysed. A tendency to wait, until the difficult period is over as well as to postpone all risky - from the economic perspective - decisions prevailed among individual farmera. However, the contact between the Polish agricultural system and a free market economy is expected to cause numerous advantageous changes in attitudes of individual farmers towards management efficiency.
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Coastal up- and downwelling in the Southern Baltic

63%
A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to determine 12 zones of upand downwelling in the southern part of the Baltic Sea.O n the basis of a seven-year numerical simulation, the annual frequency of up- and downwelling events in various regions was analysed, their vertical velocity evaluated and the probability of their occurrence for different wind directions calculated.V erification of the model results demonstrated their good correspondence with satellite images, on average equal to 92%.The poorest consistency was recorded for upwelling in the Bornholm region (81%).The annual average frequency of strong upwelling (velocities > 10−4 m s−1) ranged from c.5–7% off the eastern coasts of the southern Baltic to > 31% along the north-eastern coast of Bornholm.A long the Polish coast (excepting the Vistula Spit) downwelling was recorded more frequently than upwelling.The frequency of strong vertical currents was highest in the area to the north of the Hel Peninsula, where high percentages of strong upwelling (27.1%) and downwelling (37.1%) were recorded.
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