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The aim of this study was to investigate a morphometry (bone mass), densitometry (mineral content, mineral density measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method), geometry (cortical wall thickness, cross sectional area, cortical index) and bone strength in weaned female piglets growing from 56 to 115 day of life and differed in body fatness understood as fat : lean mass ratio established using DXA. Correlations between measured properties and body fatness were also considered. Sixteen 56-day old cross-breed piglets were allotted into two experimental groups (8 animals in each): thin – T (fat : lean mass ratio <0.12) and fat – F (fat : lean mass ratio >0.12), based on fat : lean mass ratio in the body. Both groups of pigs were fed the same diet ad libitum (13.5 MJ · kg-1 metabolizable energy, 10.5 g of digestible lysine per kg). At 115 day of life the T animals had heavier bones (P < 0.01), higher bone mineral content (P < 0.01), higher bone mineral density (P < 0.05), higher cortical wall thickness (P < 0.01) and cross sectional area (P < 0.01) in comparison to F pigs. Bone strength and cortical index did not differ between groups. Body fatness was negatively correlated with: bone weight (r = −0.55, P = 0.001), bone mineral content (r = −0.52, P = 0.001), bone mineral density (r = −0.27, P = 0.029), cortical wall thickness (r = −0.38, P = 0.002) and cross sectional area (r = −0.57, P < 0.001). Correlations with bone strength and cortical index (relative proportion of cortical bone to total periosteal breadth at midshaft) were insignificant.
Określano zależności między składem chemicznym mięśni a kruchością mięsa loszek w wieku od 90. do 168. dnia życia. Skład chemiczny mięśni zmieniano ograniczając świniom pobranie energii i białka (grupa P i Pad) lub samego białka (grupa B) do 118. dnia życia. Od 119. do 168. dnia życia zwierzęta grup P i B karmiono tak jak świnie grupy kontrolnej (K), a świnie grupy Pad do woli. Zwierzęta ubito w 118. i 168. dniu życia. Pobrano i zważono Musculus longissimus dorsi i Biceps femoris. Oznaczono skład chemiczny i kruchość mięsa (wartość shear force) w 118. i 168. dniu życia oraz obliczono korelacje pomiędzy tymi cechami w 168. dniu życia świń. Czynnik doświadczalny nie wpłynął na zawartość białka w mięśniach w żadnym z badanych okresów. W 118. dniu życia mięśnie świń grup P, Pad i K zawierały podobną, a w grupie B większą (p>0,01) ilość tłuszczu. Kruchość mięsa świń grup P, Pad i B była gorsza (p<0,05) niż zwierząt grupy K. W 168 dniu życia mięśnie świń grup B i Pad zawierały więcej (p<0,01), a w grupie P mniej (p<0,01) tłuszczu niż świnie K. Kruchość mięsa nie różniła się między grupami. Korelacje między kruchością mięsa a składem chemicznym mięśni były większe dla zawartości białka niż tłuszczu (−0,50 vs. 0,08, odpowiednio).
Badania przeprowadzono na 48 loszkach w okresie wzrostu od 25 do 70 kg. Loszki żywiono mieszankami sporządzonymi ze zbóż i poekstrakcyjnej śruty rzepakowej (RSM; n=24) lub sojowej (SBM; n=24). Pasze były izoenergetyczne, zbilansowane pod względem najważniejszych aminokwasów (AA) egzogennych strawnych do końca jelita cienkiego, tj. lizyny, metioniny, treoniny i tryptofanu. Świnie żywiono do woli lub dawkami ograniczonymi. Dzienne pobranie lizyny strawnej było zróżnicowane od 13,3 do 18,1 oraz od 12,7 do 17,4 g, odpowiednio dla świń żywionych mieszankami zawierającymi RSM lub SBM. Odłożenie białka i lizyny w ciele świń określono metodą ubojową. Dzienne odłożenie białka i lizyny w ciele zwierząt zwiększało się w miarę wzrostu pobrania lizyny strawnej w paszy, jednak tylko do ilości 17,5 i 16,4 g·dz⁻¹, odpowiednio w grupach żywionych paszą z RSM lub SBM. Współczynnik wykorzystania lizyny strawnej z mieszanek był największy (średnio 0,63) u świń pobierających najmniejszą ilość lizyny (średnio 13 g·dz⁻¹), a najmniejszy (średnio 0,57) u świń pobierających najwięcej lizyny (średnio 17,7 g·dz⁻¹). Współczynnik wykorzystania lizyny strawnej pochodzącej z mieszanek zbożowych z poekstrakcyjną śrutą rzepakową lub sojową był podobny (średnio 0,60), co wskazuje, że źródło lizyny strawnej w paszy nie wpływa na jej wykorzystanie przez rosnące świnie.
Pigs of Pietrain (P) and Polish Synthetic line of 990 (S) were slaughtered at 25, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg BW and the chemical composition of musculus longissimus dorsi and its fatty acid profiles were determined. The Pietrain pigs were characterised by lower (P<0.01) concentration of intramuscular fat, total SFA (P<0.05) and MUFA (P<0.01) than pigs of the synthetic line 990 at each BW (P<0.05).Simultaneously the Pietrain breed were characterised by higher (P<0.01) concentration of all acids belonging to PUFA group. Concentration of total SFA increased (P<0.01) along with increased body mass of pigs. MUFA was similar at each investigated BW. However, in the case of Pietrain breed increasing concentration of the PUFA was observed till animals reached approximately 110 kg BW, while in Synthetic line only till 70 kg BW. Similar course was observed in the change of C18:2n-6 concentration. However, the concentration of C18:3n-3 decreased (P<0.05) along with the growth of the animals. The course of changes in concentration of C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6 generally agreed with the course detected for total amount of PUFA. Activity of the Δ5 desaturase was higher (P<0.01) in the pigs of the synthetic line. The activity of the investigated enzymes did not differ between breeds. Activities of the elongase and Δ5 desaturase decreased during the growth of the pigs. Estimated values of the Pearsons’ correlation between body mass/age of the pigs and activity of investigated enzymes showed the opposite relationship between them. However, they were stronger and statistically more significant for the synthetic line of pigs.
The experiment was conducted to assess the influence of a moderate feed restriction during the growth period on overall performance, corporal traits and fatty acid composition in pig backfat in pigs raised under high environmetal temperatures. A hundred Large White x (Large White x Landrace) barrows with an average initial weight of 34.5 kg were randomly distributed, in pens (10 pigs per pen). Fifty pigs were fed ad libitum for 36 days (AL pigs) and another fifty were restricted by 25% of their ad libitum consumption during the same period (R pigs). During the subsequent re-feeding period (64 days) all pigs were fed ad libitum. The only diet used contained 13.4 MJ ME kg-1, 17% crude protein and 1.3% lysine. The minimum, maximum and mean average temperatures recorded during the feed restriction and post-restriction periods were, ºC: 21.5±1.2, 28.6±1.3 and 25.0±1.1, and 22.6±0.9, 31.2±1.0 and 26.9±0.9, respectively. Considering the whole study period, the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were higher (P<0.05) for AL pigs than for R pigs (840 vs 808 g and 2478 vs 2383 g), although the feed conversion ratio was not different (P>0.05) (2.95 vs 2.95 kg.kg-1). At the end of experiment, no differences for dorsal fat thickness and area and for longissimus dorsi muscle depth, width and area, measured at site of the last rib by means of a real-time ultrasound device, were found between experimental groups. The linolenic acid proportions of the subcutaneous fat outer and inner layer were higher in AL than in R pigs (P<0.05), while palmitic and saturated fatty acids total proportions of the subcutaneous fat inner layer were higher in R than in AL pigs (P<0.05).
The present study aimed to establish the effects of grass meal and duration of feeding it on the carcass chemical composition, and on the intramuscular fat (IMF) concentration and fatty acid composition of the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) in 48 pigs growing from 25 to 105 kg body weight (BW). The pigs were fed a commercial diet (C) or a diet containing 20% grass meal (GM). Changes of the chemical components in the carcass and intramuscular fat of the MLD were estimated using the comparative slaughter method. The animals were slaughtered at 50, 80 and 105 kg BW. Pigs consuming the grass meal diet grew more slowly (by 9.2%; P = 0.007), but they had similar amounts of protein, ash and water (average 9.9, 1.8 and 35.9 kg, respectively) and less (by 18.4%; P = 0.001) fat in the carcass compared with those fed the commercial diet. Pigs fed the GM diet had approximately 20% less IMF (P = 0.003), lower (P = 0.024) concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher (P = 0.047) concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the MLD than pigs fed the C diet. The GM pigs also had a higher concentration of C18:3 n-3 (linolenic acid; P = 0.047) and tended to have a lower (P = 0.091) C18:2 n-6/C18:3 n-3 ratio in the MLD than C pigs. The PUFA/ SFA ratio remained low, but was more beneficial in the pigs fed the GM diet compared with those fed the C diet (0.40 vs 0.35, respectively; P = 0.102).
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51%
Через III дней 39 супоросных свиноматок кормили смесями содержащими 12 или 14,7% переваримого белка. Суточный рацион был 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 или 3,5 кг групп получающих смесь с 12% белка, и 3,5 кг для группы с 14,7% белка. Девять холостых свиноматок кормлено 2,5 кг/сутки смесью с 12% белка. Химический состав тела нетто определили на 28 свиноматках в начале опыта и на всех свиноматках по оконьчании опыта. Суточные привесы тела, белка и жира у супоросных свиноматок увеличивались пропорционально к увеличению рационов (P < 0,01). Различие в суточных привесах тела и белка между супоросными и холостыми свиноматками зависило только от матки и её содержимого. Потребление бытовое энергии супоросных свиноматок было 490,6 kJ/кг 0.75, стоимость отложения белка было 54,3 kJ/г, а жира 57,3 kJ/г.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate total tract apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients in pigs previously fed a diet supplemented with 20% grass meal (high-fibre diet). Thirty-six pigs of 25 kg BW were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups. The pigs were fed ad libitum a basal diet (B) or a high-fibre diet (HF) during the entire experiment (control group C and group HF105, respectively), or a high-fibre diet up to 50 or 80 kg BW (groups HF50 and HF80, respectively) followed by diet B up to 105 kg BW. Diet B contained (in g.DM-1): crude protein, 212; crude fibre, 43; total lysine, 11.1 and gross energy, 18.0 MJ. Diet HF was formulated by mixing diet B with 20% of grass meal and contained (in g.DM-1): crude protein, 191; crude fibre, 85; total lysine, 9.1 and gross energy, 18.3 MJ. The apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients was measured within a short time after exchanging diet HF for diet B (at approximately 55 and 85 kg BW) using an indirect method (with chromic oxide as an indicator).The apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients of diet HF was on average approximately 10% lower (P<0.01) than in diet B. Consequently, the energy value of diet HF was 1.67 MJ DE lower than in diet B. The digestibilities of energy and nutrients of diet B fed after the diet with a high fibre content (HF50 and HF80 groups) were not affected by the preceding diet, with the exception of the digestibility of crude fibre, NDF and ADF fractions, which were digested approximately 2.0% better, and ether extract, which was digested 3.2% worse (non significant difference). When the digestibilities of energy and nutrients in pigs weighing 55 and 85 kg were compared, however, it was found that heavier pigs digested (P<0.05) energy and protein (average by 1.0 and 1.9%) and crude fibre, NDF and ADF (by 8.2, 2.7 and 4.5%, respectively) more efficiently than pigs at 55 kg BW. Consequently, the energy value of diets fed to pigs at 85 kg BW was greater by 145 kJ.DE-1 (P>0.05) than at 55 kg BW.
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