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The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of selenium ions on the changes in membrane permeability for K and Ca in the leaves of rape during cadmium stress. The of stress level was determined by changes in the mass increment and lipid peroxidation (MDA concentration) in 3-week-old seedlings cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog [1962] medium (control) and on medium containing 600 µМ CdCl2. Selenium was added at the concentration of 2 µМ (Na2SeO4) to the control and medium containing cadmium ions. The level of K and Ca was determined with ionoselective electrodes after one hour of shaking leaf discs (membrane permeability) and heating to 100°C (total ion content). Cadmium present in the nutrient medium inhibited the mass increment and increased MDA concentration, and significantly decreased membrane permeability for K and Ca. In the mixtures of cadmium and selenium, selenium ions partially reduced the effects of the stress-inducing cadmium action on the studied physiological parameters and membrane permeability to the studied ions. The observed protective effect of selenium can be the result of the effect of this substance on both the activity of ion channels and peroxidation of membrane lipids.
Taking into account the growing number of reports which confirm the medicinal effects of preparations of plant origin, the paper analyzed the biochemical composition of extracts obtained from mistletoe parasitizing on fir and extracts from fir, pine and yew trees was analyzed. The mistletoe samples were collected in winter, spring, summer and autumn. Mistletoe’s extract is a source of viscotoxines – substances used in a treatment of heart diseases. Yew is also used as a plant which tissues contain substances of high therapeutic value. Extracts obtained from tissues of this plant are used for cancer treatment. The content of protein, soluble sugars and proline were determined in all samples. The biological activity of mistletoe may be connected with high concentrations of almost all investigated metabolites. The level of these compounds were higher than that of extracts from trees. An increased level of proline and malondialdehyde in the tissues of spring mistletoe is probably related to summary effect of environmental stresses in this season (temperature, insolation intensity and duration). Among polyamines, the highest concentration of spermidine in extracts from mistletoe and of spermine in extracts from trees may be a sign of specific metabolism pathway in investigated plants. Among extracts from trees tissues, fir was the richest in studied bioactive substances. The less amounts of all analyzed substances were found in tissues of pine.
Imbalance between the intensity of oxidative processes (that induce the formation of reactive oxygen species) and counteracting antioxidant system is called oxidative stress. Most of the pathological changes in living organisms is associated with the processes of carcinogenesis induced by free radicals. State of equilibrium is maintained due to the presence of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and other biologically active substances such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. These compounds enable the removal of reactive oxygen species in cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oxidative activity of mistletoe extracts and their potential hosts: fir and pine, and yew trees, which also have therapeutic properties. The results of performed analysis of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) lead to the conclusion that their activity in the tissues of mistletoe is much lower than in the tissues of fir, pine and yew. It was found, however, a much higher content of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, glutathione or beta- carotene in the tissues of mistletoe compared to other plants analyzed. Thus, extracts from mistletoe are a rich source of antioxidants easily assimilated to organisms receiving them.
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