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Recently, we reported the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on ovarian cell proliferation in parallel with the inhibitory action of ghrelin on cell apoptosis. The aim of the presented data propose local activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) and phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3) kinase pathways as a mechanism of ghrelin effect in the porcine ovary. To test this hypothesis, action of ghrelin on levels of ERK 1/2 with PI-3 kinase activity and protein expression using ELISA and western blot analysis, respectively, was examined. Additionally, to determine which pathways (ERK 1/2 or PI-3 kinase) are the potential signals of ghrelin-mediated cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cells, we used PD098059 (50 µM) and wortmannin (200 µM), well-known inhibitors of these kinases. Treatment of ovarian coculture cells with ghrelin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 pg/ml) showed stimulation of phospho-ERK 1/2 levels and PI-3 kinase activity, with the maximum effect observed after 15 min of cell incubation. Additionally, western blot analysis indicated that ghrelin increased expression of both kinases. Moreover, ghrelin used in combination with PD098059 or wortmannin significantly decreased cell proliferation, which was measured by the Alamar Blue assay and increased apoptosis, which was measured by caspase - 3 activity and DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ERK 1/2 and PI-3 kinase pathways may be potential signals of ghrelin mediate the cell proliferation and apoptosis of ovary cells.
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Modulatory effect of ghrelin in prepubertal porcine ovarian follicles

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Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, originally identified in rat stomach as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is an important regulator of growth hormone secretion, food intake, and reproductive function. This study investigates whether or not ghrelin can modulate prepubertal pig ovary function, which was measured as ovarian estradiol secretion, aromatase activity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. To investigate this, ovarian cells were co-cultured with four different doses of ghrelin (100, 250, 500, and 1000 pg/ml) for 48 h. Culture media samples were collected, and estradiol levels were determined, while aromatase expression was measured in the cultured cells. Cell apoptosis was measured by determination of caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assay. Ghrelin in 250 and 500 pg/ml doses stimulated estradiol secretion. At all doses ghrelin stimulated aromatase activity and protein expression. Moreover, ghrelin increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. This study provides novel evidence that ghrelin has a modulatory effect in the ovary. We suggest two mechanisms that explain how ghrelin acts on estradiol secretion: 1) ghrelin directly influences aromatase activity and protein expression; 2) ghrelin stimulates cell proliferation and antiapoptotic actions.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been detected at high levels, up to hundreds of pg/ml, in human ovarian follicle fluid. The effect of PCBs on the ovary and the consequences of exposure are largely unknown. We have previously shown that PCB3 (4-chlorobiphenyl) increases the secretion of estradiol and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in ovarian follicle cells. Our goal here is to elucidate the mechanism of CYP induction by this congener. Exposure of porcine follicle cells, a co-culture of theca and granulosa cells, to 6 ng/ml of PCB3 caused an increase in CYP1A1 protein and enzymatic activity, in the same manner as exposure to exogenous 17ß-estradiol. No changes were seen in the protein level of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which mediates the first step in the signaling pathway of CYP1A1 induction. However, a strong reduction was seen in the protein level of estrogen receptor beta (ERß), while no effect was seen on ER protein levels. These result suggest that: 1) PCB3 acts as an agonist of ERß but not the Ah receptor in the ovarian follicles, 2) PCB3 is not only an efficacious inducer of CYP1A1 expression and activity, but also a substrate for this enzyme. Changes in the expression level of CYP1A1 not only alter the intensity of the activity of PCB3, but also the activity of estrogen in the ovary.
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