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As the scientific support for the impact of physical activity on health has grown, physical activity recommendations for the public have been modified. The aim of the paper is to present the evolution of physical activity guidelines, which were formulated on the basis of existing research evidence, produced by experts, mainly in physiology and medicine.A systematic literature review was applied. In order to interpret the content of text data, a qualitative content analysis was used. It was supported by the Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) computer software package NVivo 9.Recognition of hazards of a sedentary lifestyle has led numerous groups to promulgate public health recommendations for physical activity. Since 1950s leading scientists and science organisations have participated in developing and publicising these guidelines and in revising them to keep up with the pace of modern exercise science. The paper discusses reasons for differences in the guidelines and provides a summary in order to harmonize existing reports.Using epidemiological, clinical and laboratory methods, different expert committees have independently arrived at similar conclusions about the need for physical activity in daily life. However, formulating guidelines regarding an optimal dose of physical activity, which could be universal for everybody, is very problematic. A recommended dose of physical activity must be approachable and adjusted to a particular person or a group.
The use of veterinary medicinal products in food producing animals for a variety of purposes causes that their residues may be presented in edible tissues. As a result, in concern of public health, European Union Countries establish each year monitoring plans and they control the levels of harmful substances in food of animal origin. This paper presents survey of residues of veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostats in eggs for Poland and European Union in years 2007-2010. Despite the decrease in reported non-compliant results for coccidiostats, the numbers were still higher than those for veterinary medicines. The most often determined coccidiostats were: nicarbazin, dinitrocarbanilide, salinomycin and lasalocid, and the most often reported non-compliant results for veterinary medicines were: antimicrobials, enrofloxacin and doxycycline.
Background: Facing a growing diversity of needs, preferences and behaviors among sports events consumers, the segmentation of this market has become a key aspect in designing and implementing marketing programs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to create a 2012 UEFA Euro Championship consumer typology that adopts a segmentation method based on socio-demographic and behavioral variables. Material/Methods: Sample CAPI surveys were conducted among viewers of the 2012 UEFA European Championship (N = 1,000). Consumer profiles were analyzed by adopting basic criteria of marketing segmentation based on socio-economic, demographic and psychographic variables. Due to a hierarchical clustering, authors obtained five groups of consumers: heavy, moderate, light, very light and non-viewers. Results: The study proved that an individually prepared therapeutic program including postisometric relaxation and combination therapy improves ROM in all planes of hip joins in osteoarthritis. It was also stated that after 2 pain assessment tests (the VAS and Laitinen scales) the therapy was confirmed to be a successful method in pain relief. The researchers also noticed that systematically conducted therapy led to reducing the incidence of pain which is manifested by limitation of pharmacotherapy. Conclusions: Data analysis showed a relationship between consumer behaviors and the respondents’ gender, age, place of residence. A new typology of segments of Euro 2012 fans was created.
Background: Physical activity, supporting health, wellbeing and working ability, is not only vitally important for healthy people, but also necessary for workers, especially women. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between meeting different physical activity guidelines and socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics in middle-aged females from Turkey. Material/Methods: Physical activity was assessed using the Sense Wear Armband. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between socio-demographic and anthropometric criteria and the odds of meeting different physical activity guidelines. Results: All females achieved ≥ 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. With regard to vigorous physical activity, only 5% of women achieved ≥ 75 min/week. Among all studied socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics only the waist-to-hip rate and income differentiated odds for meeting the World Health Organization criterion. Conclusions: Different percentages of subjects fulfill the pro-health criteria depending on the norm considered. We do need to identify the best criteria of PA to meet adequate health. It is crucial to take into account time, frequency and intensity of aerobic efforts but also in relation to energy expenditure related to resistance (anaerobic) and flexibility efforts while formulating physical activity guidelines.
It is an old practice for food producers to colour their products to make them look more attractive to consumers. Also egg yolks are coloured to give them an appealing appearance. Owing to highly developed trade within the European Union countries, regulations for the usage of food dyes have been harmonized and the risks of harmful effects of some of these substances have been re-evaluated. In some countries of the European Union even dyes that have been approved as food additives are subjected to special surveillance or banned. Some additives are mutagenic and carcinogenic, and therefore their presence in food (including food of animal origin) is deemed unsafe. Illegal use of industrial dyes to colour egg yolks destined for human consumption has led to the development of accurate analytical methods for their detection. This paper includes, among others, a review of procedures applied for preparing samples for chromatographic analysis by methods published over the last ten years which are used to determine banned dyes and canthaxanthin in eggs. The health risk to consumers from the presence of industrial dyes in eggs makes it necessary to monitor their occurrence in eggs and egg products, as well as to include them in the Polish “National control programme for prohibited substances and the residues of chemical, biological, and veterinary medicinal products in live animals and animal products”.
A multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of 10 dyes unauthorised for the use in laying hens was developed (Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Sudan Red G, Sudan Orange G, Sudan Red 7B, Para-Red, Toluidine Red, Citrus Red). The dyes were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulphate, and cleaned using zirconium coated silica cartridges. After dilution with acetonitrile saturated with hexane:DMSO (8:2), samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS system with acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) as a mobile phase in a gradient mode and C₁₈ analytical column. The method was validated according to the requirements described in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC: linearity (r ≥ 0.998), precision: repeatability (1.94%-10.02%), and within-laboratory reproducibility (4.66%-8.89%), recovery (97%-105%), decision limit CCα (5.33-6.50 µg/kg), and detection capability CCß (6.18-7.50 µg/kg) were calculated. The developed method fulfilled all performance criteria and can be used in the official survey of dyes residues in food of animal origin.
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