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Extensive disintegration of spruce forests in the Beskidy Mts. in South Poland generates a need to regenerate sizeable areas as well as to rebuild forest stands which have defended themselves against breakdown. In practice, the magnitude of relevant management tasks does not allow for keeping up with the progressive destruction of forest, especially at higher altitudes, where natural regeneration does not occur as much as necessary. In addition, the species composition is limited to spruce, sometimes accompanied by beech and fir, whereas other species have a negligible share. What may be helpful in solving this problem is the method of regeneration of such areas and of establishment of under-canopy cultures, consisting of patchwork, multi-stage regeneration task performance, starting from the areas with the best chance of reforestation success and using the existing self-sown trees. Such areas undoubtedly include habitats with better water balance, i.e. humid habitats (in the case of larger areas, distinguished in the forest management plan as humid forest site types). The aim of the present study was to propose management of watercourses and headwater areas in the region of the Skrzyczne massif where the selected catchments are situated on the southern (the Malinowski Stream) and the northern (the Roztoka Czyrna stream) slopes of this massif. The research was carried out in August 2012 and included juxtaposition of available hydrological maps with actual field conditions along with identification of springs and streams and the course of their beds in order to update the existing data. The updating of the forest numerical maps in the existing databases of the State Forests IT System (SILP) included verification of the course of streams and determination of their nature (penament or periodic) with a division into the existing ones and the added ones. The data was recorded against the background of the division of the forest surface, contour lines, major roads, climate and plant floors and forest habitat types. The total length of streams was ascertained. The catchment areas and areas along their beds were determined by adopting variable distances from the beds, depending on climate and plant zones and the slope gradient. The adopted distances were: 5 m in the upper forest zone, 10 m in the middle forest zone, 20 m in the lower forest zone on both sides of the bed and in the headwater area within the radius of 10 m from a source. Specific sylvicultural procedures in headwater areas and in the neighbourhood of watercourses were described in each climatic and vegetation zones.
Opening new mines, deeper operations and the constant spread of mining activity to new terrain is associated with more or less extensive disturbance of natural water regimes. This is manifested in the drying of farm wells and ponds, reduced flow in water courses and, sometimes even their complete disappearance with extreme drying of orogen and soils. Typical symptoms of such disturbances are hydrological and soil changes and alteration of habitats. A very large disturbance of this kind is subsidence depression zone surrounding the Bełchatów brown coal strip mine. The authors discuss its effects on soil and habitat conditions, using two forest districts as examples.
In recent years, we face a massive dieback of Norway spruce stands in Poland. The cause of this process may lay in the way of their monocultural silviculture. The correct assessment of the habitat conditions and soil properties in particular is the basis of the proper management of these forest areas. The aim of this study was to verify application of the trophic soil index for mountain areas (SIGg) in the assessment of site conditions for spruce stands with different health condition. Three types of spruce stands were distinguished: degenerated, weakened and stable. In total, 32 study plots were established in following forest districts in southern Poland: Ustroń, Wisła, Bielsko, Węgierska Górka, Jeleśnia, Ujsoły and Lądek Zdrój. The SIGg was calculated on the basis of <0.02 mm fraction content, the sum of exchangeable base cations, soil acidity and the total content of N and organic C in the humus−mineral horizon. These attributes are useful to determine the potential productivity of the soils did not differentiate visibly the analyzed stand variants. The soil in degenerated and weakened spruce stands showed higher degree of acidity and less the content of base cations compared to soils of stable spruce stands. Mountain trophic soil index can be applied in the assessment of the forest sites potential. Although it does not enable to monitor the disturbances in the nutrients circulation, the detailed analysis of its components allows for precise assessment of the forest sites status.
The experimental plots were located in the middle forest zone (900– 950 m) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians: Magura (the Ujsoły Forest District) and Silesian (the Wisła Forest District) in the spruce stands of age class 21– 40 years. Serpentinite was introduced in the autumn of 2008 on all plots while other fertilizers (N, P, NP and NPK) in the spring of 2009. Based on the chemical composition of soil solutions collected in lysimeters placed at the depth of 20 cm in the autumn 2008 and the spring and autumn 2009, ecochemical parameters were calculated: acid neutralization capacity (ANCaq), alkalinity (ALK), the degree of soil acidity (Ma%), acidic cations (Ma), saturation of the exchangeable complex of the soil solid phase (Mb) with alkalis, saturation with alkalis (BS), molar relations Ca/Al, Mb/Al, BC/Al. After the winter, soil solutions became acidic, especially in the Wisła Forest District. The saturation of the studied soils demonstrates moderate flexibility of soils in the Wisła Forest District in relation to acid load, and high flexibility of the Ujsoły soils. The opposite trend was observed for the degree of acidity of soils. Acid neutralization capacity and alkalinity of the waters showed significant variations in soil pH even in the case of small variations in the composition of the solution, if they were caused by the inflow of the anions of NO3 - and SO4 2-. After application of the fertilizers, an increase of Mg, Ca and Mb was noted in the soil solution, determined in the overlaying highly acidic organic horizons trough the ion-exchange buffering mechanism of highly protonated functional groups with high buffering capacity. Highly improved content of Mg in a soil, and in some cases – also the content of N, P and K, present potential improvement of forest growth capacity without the hazard of adverse side-effects of liming. Aluminum stress in the spruce is unlikely, while trees in the control plots in the Wisła Forest District may already be sensitive.
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