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Na eksplantatach liścieniowych Capsicum annuum L., cv. Bryza auksyna (IAA) indukowała tworzenie tkanki kalusowej oraz korzeni. Natomiast cytokinina (BAP) stymulowała nie tylko wzrost kalusa, ale również przy najwyższym stężeniu, tworzenie pąków przybyszowych. Dla wydajnego tworzenia pąków jak i korzeni niezbędna jest obecność obu regulatorów wzrostu. Nie wykazano większego wpływu czynnika endogennego (część dystalna i proksymalna liścienia) na zdolności regeneracyjne.
The physiological state of plant material is the crucial endogenous factor at the explant choice for plant regeneration. The phases of germination characterised by various, following each other biochemical and developmental processes can affect the organogenesis capability. This research examined the morphological and anatomical events during the early stages of organogenesis and plant regeneration in explants derived from seeds of Capsicum annuum L., cv. Bryza preincubated under high humidity conditions from 0 to 6 days and next cultured on MS medium without PGRs. The early stage of de novo shoot formation reminded leaf differentiation in planta. First the leaves began to differentiate as spherical and tongue shaped structures from epidermis and subjacent layers of the explants about the 7th day of culture. In some cases nearly at the base of previously formed leaf and even on its petiole one or two leaves as well as shoot apex in their axils were induced thereby forming young shoot which underwent elongation and whole plant regeneration after 2 subculturing. More advanced developmentally structures of adventitious shoot were obtained while prolonging preculture duration. This was the favourable effect on the shoot differentiation, their elongation and plant regeneration as seed submitted preculture for 3, 4, 5 days however, seeds not treated with preculture revealed the best response as regard to shoot primordium formation at the earliest stage.
Tracheary elements appear already in the early stages of in vitro organogenesis and precede the formation of meristemoids and shoot primordia which further develop into shoots. Thus this process can be considered as an important indicator of potential, organogenic capability of the explants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of auxin (IAA), cytokinin (BAP), sucrose and the light conditions (light with 16-h photoperiod, darkness) upon de novo differentiation of tracheary elements (TEs) in callus derived from mature embryos of pepper cv. Bryza. Moreover, it was to determine the proliferation ability of the callus cells and changes of callus morphology. TEs were differentiated in the form of single cells, irregular clusters, strands and whirls exclusively with reticulate and pitted thickening of the secondary wall and the clusters occurred the most frequently. Cytokinin used alone, as well as in auxin combination, stimulated xylogenesis with the highest efficiency as well as with regard to the frequency and TE cell number within clusters. The highest number of TEs per cluster was obtained in the case of combination 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ IAA + 0.1 mg·dm⁻³ BAP on the light. Smooth surface, large cohesion cell degree and green colour are the morphological callus features accompanied by the effective TE formation.
The aim of the present research were histological analysis of regenerating structures through in vitro gynogenesis from unfertilized ovules of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The process of shoot regeneration using a novel two stage method combines the preculture in liquid medium with the culture on solid medium. The highest number of explants that formed shoots (60%) was observed on medium supplemented with BAP, sucrose and gerlite, and as regards carbohydrates used in the medium most of explants forming shoots (42%) and the largest total number of shoots (110) was observed for glucose. To accurately determine the course of shoot formation, histological analyses were performed. Careful histologic evaluation of regenerating structures revealed the presence of numerous meristematic centres. In some meristems formation of specialized tissues and organs was observed, including epidermis, apical meristem, leaf primordia and tracheal elements. The analyses showed that the regeneration of the new structures from sugar beet ovules occurred both through organogenesis as well as somatic embryogenesis since the presence of somatic embryos in the globular stage or torpedo stage were observed.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Hg and Fe in sandy everlasting, yarrow and stinging nettle in relation to the concentration of metals in the soil. Samples of soils and plants were collected from natural habitats (edges of forests in the Kujawy-Pomerania Province). The total metal content and their available forms for plants in the soil samples were determined. The stinging nettle inhabited the richest environmental areas in which anthropogenic accumulation of metals in the surface of soils was determined. The investigated soils were not contaminated with heavy metals and the content of their plant-available forms was not harmful for a proper plants growth. The content of metals extracted with the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was considerably higher than the concentration referred to as the deficit level for plants. Among the analyzed herbal plants, sandy everlasting contained the largest amounts of copper, manganese, and only concentration of lead in dry weight was higher than 10 mg⋅kg⁻¹, indicating that the plants harvested from the study areas should not be used in herbal medicine. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values point clearly to the mercury and zinc accumulation in the aboveground parts of herbal plants.
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