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The study was carried out to determine the cytotoxin production by Campylobacter spp. Isolated from slaughtered cattle and swine in north-eastern Poland. In total three commercial slaughterhouses were sampled during one year. Carcass swabs were taken to detect the level of Campylobacter spp. contamination. Campylobacter spp. was found in 50 (34%) out of 147 swine carcasses examined. PCR analysis revealed 4 (8%) isolates to be C. jejuni, and 46 (92%) to be C. coli. From a total of 373 bovine carcasses, Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 49 (13.1%) samples. The results regarding the occurrence of cdt genes associated with cytotoxicity indicated that 100% of C. jejuni and 67.4% C. coli obtained from pigs had all three cdtA, cdtB and cdtC genes. In case of C. jejuni strains isolated from cattle all cdt genes were confirmed in 93.9% isolates. The isolates possessesing all cdt genes had higher cytotoxic activity against cell lines used. The isolates both from cattle and swine were characterized by the highest cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. The values obtained reached 80.8% for C. jejuni isolates from cattle and 76.2% for C. jejuni and 69.0% for C. coli isolates from swine. High prevalence of cytotoxicity in Campylobacter spp. indicates a significant epidemiological role of this pathogen in human infections.
Siberian sturgeons were given intraperitoneally 100 mg/kg b.m. of oxytetracycline (OTC) and 24 h after the injection they were immersed in lysozyme dimmer solution (KLP-602) at 100 µg/L of water for 30 min. The effect of OTC, applied separately and in combination with lysozyme dimer, on hepatopancreas morphology has been examined. The results of microscopic and ultrastructural examinations of the organ indicated the existence of morphological lesions following the administration of OTC: congestions and extravasations, parenchymal and lipid-related degeneration, and focal necrosis with relatively frequent infiltrations of lymphoid cells. Ultrastructural examination revealed damage to the mitochondria in hepatocytes. KLP-602 was found to have a protective effect in these changes. Immersion of the fish in an aqueous solution of lysozyme dimer was shown to have an immunomodulating effect, reducing the intensity of morphological changes that resulted from the administration of OTC.
In Poland, the quality and hygiene of honey, as a foodstuff of animal origin, is subject to the supervision of three state authorities: Veterinary Inspection, National Sanitary Inspection and Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection. The role of Veterinary Inspection consists in supervising the conditions of acquisition, storage and marketing of honey, as well as in constant monitoring aimed at the detection of illicit substance content. Owing to the peculiar character of apiculture, it is not always possible to completely adjust the process of honey production to the requirements which apply to the production of other foodstuffs under the common legal regulations. Therefore, proper supervision involves not only the enforcement of rules and orders, but also the assistance provided to honey producers in ensuring the safety of honey production and the hygiene of the product in order to protect the consumers.
The aim of the study was to determine the degree of conflictogenity of some animal species and to show the reasons for this conflictogenity that, in turn, result in the issuing of veterinary expert opinions. Research was carried out on 173 expert opinions, collected from the whole country, and drawn up by scientists from the Department of Forensic and Administration of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, between 1995 and 2005. In most cases (68.2%) these opinions established the actual state of the cases examined in civil proceedings. It was found that the most frequent expert opinions were issued on poultry (61.8%) and, in particular, on broilers, turkeys and hens. These opinions indicated that bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli and species of Clostridium genus) and fungi, or their toxins, were the predominant causative agents responsible for the examined losses in poultry production. It was established that breeders were to blame for these losses in only a few of the cases. The expert opinions on cattle and horses were commissioned by both insurance companies and civil courts - quite frequently veterinary surgeons were imputed. The opinions on dogs were mainly of a penal character and aimed at determining the cause of death. An analysis of opinions issued over the last ten years indicated that there had been a significant decrease in the role of infectious agents originating in the diet in instituting proceedings. Furthermore, the quality of veterinary documentation had improved only slightly.
The current veterinary legislature on aquaculture was developed 20 years ago when the European Union consisted of only 12 Member States. It was created in order to protect the-then basic field of activity of this sector, which was the culturing of salmonids (trout and salmon) and oysters. Currently, this law requires updating so as to reflect the wide scope of activity within the aquaculture sector and species now found in the enlarged Union. It should also include significant developments in this branch and the experience gained through the last 15 years of implementing the existing law and scientific progress in this discipline. EU regulations should also be updated to conform to international agreements and norms (e.g.: WTO/SPS and OIE). The proposed new regulations submitted to the Council will abolish the present laws (Council directives 91/67/EEC, 93/53/EEC and 95/70/EC) and replace them with a new directive on health requirements for aquatic animals and products thereof, and on the prevention and control of certain diseases in these animals. This will facilitate higher flexibility and give operational responsibility to the Member States, thus enabling effective disease prevention through initiating decision-making at a local or regional level.
The aim of the study was to determine the microbiological quality of three traditional offal meat products: Kashubian black pudding, black brawn (blutka) and liver sausages (léberka), manufactured in northern Poland. Samples were tested twice: immediately after purchase from producers and after storage under variable conditions (of fluctuating temperature: 24 h at 21°C ± 2°C and a further 3 days at 6°C ± 2°C). Total Viable Count (TVC) and the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were determined. In total five series of tests were performed, and each of these 5 samples were examined, before and after storage, with regard to each type of product. Overall, 150 samples of sausages (75 before and 75 after storage) were tested. Total Viable Count (TVC) in the tested sausages fluctuated at an average level from 2.53 log cfu/g to 5.16 log cfu/g, depending on the type of smoked product as well as on the series of tests. There were significant differences in the level of TVC in samples of meats produced at different time periods by the same manufacturer (representing different production batches of the same product); these differences were quite evident in liver sausage (léberka). In any of the tested samples, both directly after purchase and after “4-day” storage, the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was not detected. The storage of tested offal meat products did not result in statistically significant differences in mean values of TVC compared to those examined immediately after purchase (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that traditional Polish sausages made with offals manufactured in Pomerania region are safe and microbiologically stable during storage, despite the cold chain interruption. However, the differences in bacterial contamination recorded in liver sausage and black brawn originating from different production batches should be an indication for their manufacturers to take further actions in order to obtain final products with a lower degree of contamination.
The aim of the study was to determine the presence of Campylobacter strains in poultry by-products and define antimicrobial resistance of isolates. In total, 400 samples were tested among which 300 included the liver, heart and stomach, and 100 samples represented the contents of the cecum. The samples were taken from chickens and turkeys in the slaughterhouse after evisceration. The prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken samples was 100% with regards to the contents of cecum and offal. The turkey origin Campylobacter strains were noted in 76% of the livers, 78% hearts and 82% gizzards. The samples of cecum contents were positive in 60%. Species analysis of the strains isolated showed C. jejuni as dominant. The estimation of sensitivity to antibiotics showed that Campylobacter strains were most frequently resistant to quinolones and tetracyclines. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among 52.7% and 52.5% chicken and turkey origin strains. The same was noted regarding nalidixic acid, resistance to which was shown in 56% and 58.5% isolates, respectively. Regarding tetracyclines, the highest resistance of the strains from chicken and turkey was detected to doxycyclinum in 61.3% and 53.3% of isolates, respectively. However the highest sensitivity was showed to erythromycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Only one C. coli strain from turkey offal was resistant to gentamicin. Simultaneously multi drug resistance was defined. The aimed studies showed that 62% of C. jejuni and 53.8% of C. coli strains from chicken offal were resistant to two or more agents. In turkey origin isolates MDR was detected in 54.7% of C. jejuni and 53.3% of C. coli strains.
The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of occurrence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk, to identify their serotype, as well as to determine their antibiotic resistance and the presence of Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes. Out of 300 bulk tank milk samples, 5.3% were contaminated with Salmonella spp. All strains isolated belonged to the serovar S enteritidis, as confirmed by serotyping and molecular methods. The presence of spv genes was determined by PCR. Spv genes were present, in different patterns, in all strains tested. SpvA gene was present in all isolates (100%), spvB in 56.25%, spvC in 62.5%, spvD in 75%, and spvR in 56.25%. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated according to the NCCLS recommendations. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GE), and chloramphenicol (CH). Thirteen strains were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), 8 to erythromycin (E), 1 to doxycycline (DO), and 1 to tetracycline (TE). Different frequency of occurrence of the spv genes in Salmonella strains isolated from raw milk demonstrates their high adaptability. As many as 87.5% of isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested.
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