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Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the posture and somatic parameters in adolescent male handball players compared to non-athletes and determine whether a relationship exists between the posture and the volume of training and/or its frequency. Material/Methods: Sixty-eight adolescent male handball players and sixty-nine non-athletes aged 15–18 were examined. The posture was evaluated by the moiré method. Results: Handball players exhibited smaller and less frequent asymmetries compared to the nonathletes. Statistically significant differences were found in the position of shoulder blades (p < 0.05) and pelvic alignment in the frontal (p < 0.001) and transverse (p < 0.05) planes. The spinal shape in the sagittal plane did not differentiate the training subjects from nonathletes. The study also revealed weak correlations between the training period and a deviation of the spinous processes (r = 0.25), a symmetry of the shoulder blades (r = 0.25), and an inclination angle of the thoracolumbar segment (r = -0.26). No correlations were observed between the training frequency and posture parameters. Conclusions: It can be concluded that despite the predominance of asymmetric elements, handball training does not negatively affect the posture in the frontal and transverse planes.
Aim of Study. To determine whether and to what extent selfefficacy, perceived fitness competence and perceived behavioral control are related to leisure time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adults. Material and Methods. The study involved 532 adults (including 379 women) aged 18 to 26 years. Physical activity (PA) was measured by means of a short self-report questionnaire, being a modified version of the very popular Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTQ). Each level of PA was described in a manner which enabled defining it by the participants with examples of activities representative for a given category, with 9 MET criteria for vigorous activity and 5 MET criteria for moderate intensity. Perceived physical competencies were measured by a relevant subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Results. On average, respondents undertook 2.5 hours of MVPA. Males were more active than females, and younger persons more active than older persons. For the whole sample, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were the two significant predictors of MVPA. However, in the case of the latter the effect size was small. In self-efficacy a nearly linear increase from sedentary to the most active group was observed. Relationships between perceived competencies, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control and physical activity were age dependent. The comparison between younger and older adults revealed that in the younger age group all three control variables were related to physical activity, while in the older group only self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were signifiant; however, in both cases the effect sizes were weak. Conclusions. The most promising interventions to increase PA are teaching strategies to cope with barriers of physical activity and convincing people that regardless of their levels their physical fitness and motor abilities enable them to be physically active. However, while it seems true for young adults, the factors determining the physical activity of older adults and reinforcement strategies look different.
Introduction: Physical activity is very important for the proper mental and physical development of children and youths, especially for the development of the locomotor system. The students of music schools are a unique group of children and youths, because of specific loads on the organs of locomotion, associated with the playing of musical instruments. They can therefore be exposed to a variety of health problems, particularly in the case of insufficient physical activity. Objective: The aim of the presented study was to assess the level of physical activity of music schools’ students on weekdays and weekends against the parameters of physical efforts beneficial to health. Method and materials: The study involved 225 musicians from the Katowice School of Music, Complex of I and II degrees, aged 10–18 years(138 girls and 87 boys). The level of physical activity was assessed on the basis of moderate to vigorous rates (MVPA). Results: Both on weekdays as well as at the weekends, boys presented a higher level of physical activity of at least moderate intensity (MVPA), which also resulted in a greater total weekly pro-health physical activity. Both boys and girls dedicated significantly more time to beneficial pro-health efforts physical health at weekends (p<0.01). The percentage of young musicians who meet accepted (in this study) standards for the optimal amount of physical activity in both groups was dramatically low (3.6% of girls and 11.5% of boys). Conclusion: Both boys and girls from the music schools often undertake moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at the weekends. The boys more often than the girls made pro-health physical efforts of moderate and high intensity.
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