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The aim of presented investigation was to estimate the usefulness of a new method for determining the efficiency of acaricides against red poultry mites. The special Plexiglas plates were used in order to imitate natural conditions as close as possible. The investigation was conducted on the mites collected from 32 battery cage farms of laying hens. Nine commercial acaricides were used. The efficacy of these acaricides was investigated in four repetitions. The results showed that together with the increasing mite numbers used for the study, a standard deviation (SD) on the average of scores on four test plates underwent a reduction and did not exceed 10 for more than 80 mites per plate. At the same time, it was observed that the SD of fragmentary results was dependent on the effectiveness of the acaricides. Relatively low coefficients for the variation of the obtained results and lack of statistically significant differences for measurements obtained under conditions of repeatability (P=0.415138) and reproducibility (P=0.43594), illustrate that our method is useful for the estimation of efficacy of acaricides against Dermanyssus gallinae mites.
The article is a review of the results of investigations concerning digestive enzymes of warble flies (Hypoderma lineatum, H. bovis), called hypodermines. Special attention was paid to their antigenic, immungenic and immunosuppressing properties and the relation of these features with enzymatic properties. It was proved that the elimination of the enzymatic activity of hypodermines may increase their immunogenicity, which opend opportunities for creating more effective vaccines against hypodermosis.
The objective of the study was to determine the degree of municipal wastewater contamination with intestinal parasite eggs of the genera Ascaris, Toxocara, and Trichuris at individual stages of treatment, and indication of potentially weak points in the hygienisation of sewage sludge. The study was conducted in 17 municipal mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants which, to a slight degree, differed in the technological process of wastewater treatment and the method of hygienisation of sewage sludge. The selected treatment plants, located in seven regions, included five classified as large agglomerations (population equivalent - PE >100 000), ten as medium-size (PE 15 000-100 000), and two as smaller size with PE 10 000 - 5000. The largest number of viable eggs of Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., and Trichuris spp. was found in the sewage sludge collected from the priman settling tank. A slightly lower number of the eggs were found in the samples of excess sludge, which indicates that the sedimentation process in the priman settling tank is not sufficiently long to effectively separate parasites' eggs from the sewage treated. The number of eggs of Ascaris spp. and Toxocara spp. in the fermented sludge was nearly 3 times lower than that in the raw sludge. The effectiveness of hygienisation of dehydrated sewage sludge by means of quicklime was confirmed in two wastewater treatment plants, with respect to Ascaris spp. eggs, in three plants with respect to Toxocara spp. eggs, and in one plant with respect to Trichuris spp. eggs. The mean reduction of the number of eggs was 65%, 61%, and 100%, respectively. In one wastewater treatment plant, a reduction in the number of v iable eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris species was also noted as a result of composting sludge by 85% and 75%, respectively. In the remaining treatment plants, no effect of hygienisation of sewage sludge was observed on the contents of viable eggs of these nematodes.
Investigation was carried out on red poultry mites Dermanyssus gallinae collected from 32 batten- cage farms of laying hens localised in 14 voivodships. The following insecticides were used: Alfasekt (α-cypermetrin), Blaxime (phoxim), ByeMite (phoxim), Ficam (bendiokarb), Galtox B (fenitrotion, dichlorphos, α-cypermetrin), Knox-out (diazinon - microcapsule form), Master (chlorpyrifos - microcapsule form), Skorpion (sevin, α-cypermetrin), Sumition (fenitrotion - microcapsule form). The efficacy of the acaricides was investigated on the plates using the veneer disc as the ground. The insecticides were used in concentrations and volumes recommended by producers of preparations. Efficacy study showed that the most effective against most of red mite populations were phoxim Blaxime and Bye Mite (89%-100% in 13 voivodships) and one carbamate preparation - Ficam (92%-100% in 11 voivodships). Relatively effective turned out to be also another carbamate acaricide with α-cypermetrin supplement - Skorpion. Phosphoroorganics in microcapsule form and acaricides containing only α-cypermetrin demonstrated low effectiveness.
This article presents the essential stages leading to development of a modified method for Hypoderma bovis protein transfer, and estimation of the usefulness of semi-quantitative densitometric analysis of western-blottig results. The principal of the method was to incubate the gel obtained with the native electrophoresis method in buffer containing SDS prior to transfer of the separated proteins of L1 H. bovis onto nitrocellulose membrane. In two experiments, the authors estimated the efficacy of the new method and the possibility of using this method for semi-quantitative densitometric investigations.
The aim of the study to evaluate the occurrence of intestinal parasites and Salmonella in fox and mink faeces and to assess potential biological risk related to their use as a natural fertilizer in agriculture. The study included 12 randomly selected fox-breeding farms with a total population of 2800 animals and 9 mink farms with a total of 24 650 animals. The material examined comprised 120 samples of fox faeces and 66 samples of mink faeces. In addition, the intestines of 45 foxes from 3 farms were examined by the SCT method. The samples of feces and intestines of slaughtered foxes were examined parasitologically and bacteriologically. In 13 samples of fox faeces, the presence of parasites of the genus Isospora was observed, whereas 2 samples contained the eggs of nematodes of the alimentary tract of Toxocara canis and Strongyloides spp. The examination of the intestines confirmed the presence of mature forms of Toxocara canis in 2 foxes. In mink, only parasites of the genus Isospora were found. The presence of pathogenic bacteria was noted in the faeces of foxes. In 5 samples of fox faeces, Salmonella were found. No Salmonella were isolated in mink faeces. The present study confirmed a considerable decrease in the extensiveness of Toxocara spp. invasion in foxes bred on farms in Lublin Voivodeship. At the same time, it was confirmed that farm-raised foxes, unlike mink, are not entirely free of intestinal parasites and Salmonella, which highlights the need for continued monitoring.
The aim of the study was to optimise selected PCR methods for identification of T. solium, and to compare their effectiveness and usefulness. The investigation concerned three PCR methods described earlier: PCR I (specific to oncosphere- specific protein Tso31 gene), PCR II (specific to large subunit rRNA gene), and PCR III (cytochrome c oxidases ubunit 1 gene). Each of them needed optimisation in connection with some changes in the procedures. Among the examined procedures, PCR I was found to be the most useful, requiring the least corrections during optimisation - only a higher concentration of polymerase was necessary. Testing an optimised PCR II method showed strong unspecific reactions with E. granulosus and T. saginata. This method was not considered diagnostically useful in distinguishing 7. solium. PCR III method yielded products only when annealing temperature was lowered by 2°C. Under such conditions, there were no unspecific reactions with three others Taenidae parasites; however, annealing at a temperature only 1°C lower generated a distinct unspecific PCR product from T. saginata DNA. Therefore, this method was of limited usefulness. Comparison of the effectiveness of the two selected methods (PCR I and III) in detection of T. solium in successive DNA dilutions showed a large difference between them: in the same DNA sample, PCR I showed positive results in a sample diluted 1:3200, while PCR III failed at dilutions greater than 1:50. The results showed that among the three different methods used in the investigations, the most specific and effective for identification of 7. solium was PCR I.
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