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Biphalin is a dimeric opioid peptide, that exhibits a high affi nity for all three opioid receptors types (miu, delta and kappa). When administered intracerebroventricularly it has been shown to be more potent than morphine and ethorphine at eliciting antinociception. Biphalin is currently undergoing intensive preclinical study. It is recognized in recent years that activation of delta-opioid receptor elicits neuroprotection against hypoxia and ischemia, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study we tested the effect of biphalin and the inhibition of opioid receptors by naltrexon (Ntx) on survival of neurons in rat organotypic hippocampal culture challenged with NMDA in vitro. Cell survival was estimated with fl uorescent cell-death marker propidium iodide. Our main fi ndings are that (1) biphalin in the concentration of 100 μM reduces NMDA-induced neuronal damage; (2) biphalin neuroprotective effect is abolished by opioid receptors antagonist naltrexon; (3) naltrexon by itself does not change NMDA-induced neuronal damage; (4) reduced number of dead cells was clearly shown even when biphalin was applied with a delay after NMDA challenge. These results demonstrate that biphalin, multireceptor opioid peptide, can reduce NMDA-induced neuronal damage. This work was supported by MSHE Polish Mitochondrial Network grant.
The aim of the study was to establish reference values for the haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit level, and the numbers of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood of mixed-breed rabbits and of mixed-breeds with the addition of meat breed blood, taking into account the impact of the season (spring, summer, autumn, winter) and the sex of the animals. The study was performed on 200 mixed-breed rabbits and 200 mixed-breed rabbits with the addition of meat breeds. The results show that the parameters differed between the two groups. The haematocrit value and the numbers of leucocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes were lower in mixed-breed rabbits than they were in mixed-breed rabbits with the addition of meat breed blood, whereas the numbers of thrombocytes and neutrophils were higher in mixed-breed rabbits than they were in the other group. These values were similar to those obtained previously for unspecified rabbits and to reference values for New Zealand rabbits. The season of the year had a different impact on the values examined in the two groups: small in the mixed-breed group and more significant in the other. In both groups, the effect of the season was more noticeable in spring and summer. It was also shown that the sex had a moderate impact on the haematological parameters examined in both groups of rabbits.
In the paper we studied haematologic values,such as haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, thrombocytes, leucocytes: lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes in the pheral blood in Polish mixed-breeds with addition of meat breed blood in order to obtain the reference values which are until now not available for this animals. In studying this indices we took into consideration the impact of the season (spring, summer, autumn, winter), and sex of the animals. The studies have shown a high impact of the season of the year on those rabbits, but only in spring and summer. Moreover we observed that the sex has mean impact on the studied values of haematological parameters in those rabbits. According to our knowledge, this is the first paper on haematologic values in this widely used group of rabbits, so they may serve as reference values.
In Poland, rabbit is a highly valued animal, due to dietetic and flavour values of its meat, but above all, rabbits tend to be commonly used laboratory animals. The aim of the study was developing standards for counts of B-cells with CD19+ receptor, T-cells with CD5+ receptor, and their subpopulations, namely T-cells with CD4+, CD8+ and CD25+ receptor in the peripheral blood of mixed-breed Polish rabbits with addition of blood of meet breeds, including the assessment of the impact of four seasons of the year and animal sex on the values of the immunological parameters determined. The results showed that the counts of B- and T-cells and their subpopulations in peripheral blood remain within the following ranges: for CD19+ B-cells: 1.05 - 3.05%, for CD5+ T-cells: 34.00 - 43.07%, CD4+ T-cells: 23.52 - 33.23%, CD8+ T-cells: 12.55 - 17.30%, whereas for CD25+ T-cells: 0.72 - 2.81%. As it comes to the season of the year, it was observed that it principally affects the values of CD25+ T-cells, while in the case of rabbit sex, more changes were found in females.
The aim of the study was to develop reference values for such haematologic values as haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, volume of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes in peripheral blood in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, considering the impact of the season (spring, summer, autumn, winter), and sex of the animals. The results reveal, that the season of the year has a small impact in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, and it principally referred to spring and summer. Finally it was shown, that sex has average impact on the studied values of haematological parameters.
The paper presents the characteristics of the gram-negative Capnocytophaga (C.) canimorsus rod, which mainly occurs in the oral cavity and belongs to the genus Capnocytophaga. Among members of the genus Capnocytophaga there are five species isolated from the human oral cavity: C. gingivalis, C. ochracea, C. sputigena, C. granulosa and C. haemolytica, as well as two species isolated from dogs and cats: C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi. Human infections with C. canimorsus occur usually as a result of bites (54% of cases) and scratches (8.5%) by dogs and cats, although this bacterium is also found in sheep, cattle and rabbits. A small number of C. canimorsus infections in humans is due to insufficient diagnostics, because the infection is often mild and does not lead to serious clinical conditions, so that it is often not reported. The diagnosis of a C. canimorsus infection is usually made on the basis of a bacterial culture of blood or other body fluids, Gram stain blood smears or by using methods based on molecular examination. The first choice in a C. canimorsus infection is systemic antibiotic treatment, which in several countries is recommended for all persons after a dog bite. Prophylactically all healthy pets should be tested for C. canimorsus.
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Mixed-breed rabbits in Poland are widely used for diagnostic and scientific research and as utility animals, therefore there is a need to know their immunological status, as well as their haematological status. In this study natural immunity factors were analyzed in Polish mixed-breed rabbits and Polish mixed-breed rabbits with addition of blood of meet-breed, considering the impact of sex and season of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) using measurement of non-specific cellular and humoral immunity parameters in peripheral blood. The study has revealed that there is a variety between the two commonly used mixed-breed types of rabbits, especially when sex and season is concerned, which is crucial for using these animals in experiments.
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