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Both activities on quality improvement of the environment and a willingness to understand these processes are conditional on possessing reliable information that can be obtained from analytics and environmental monitoring. At present, analytics and environmental monitoring are among the most dynamically developing branches of chemical analysis. The pursuit of getting the complex information on environmental quality leads to developing new methods and analytical techniques. Previous studies and own experience entitle to present the most important tendencies in the development of analytics and environmental monitoring. These trends can be classified into two basic groups: - development of new methodical procedures, - new achievements in construction of measuring instruments (instrumentation). This paper presents the most important developments in both trends observed in chemical analysis.
A need for changing the curricula at chemical faculties of universities, to include proecological information into any and all specialised disciplines to a highest possible degree is becoming obvious. Proecological education is particularly important in the case of educating future chemists and chemical engineers. The general statements are illustrated by the example of the Chemical Faculty, Technical University of Gdańsk.
Both the assumptions and results of the work carried out within the framework of the research problem “Environmentally Friendly Polish Shipyard Industry” are presented in our work, which is a part of the project “Environmentally Friendly Ships for the Baltic Area” – BALTECOLOGIC ALSHI P. The aim of our research was to prepare selected companies belonging to the sector of productive, cooperative and supply shipbuilding industry (c.a. 50) to implement quality (if necessary) and environmental management systems. Swedish standards for implementation processes and experience were used. The direct results of one year work were that 13 companies finished reports on quality investigation and two companies were led to QMS certification, 26 companies finished reports on environmental investigation (environmental audit) and two companies were EMS certified. The project realization enabled indication of barriers to implementation of quality and environmental managemental systems, especially in small and medium sized enterprises.
Aquatic ecosystems are exposed to constant human pressure. The concentrations and species in which heavy metals occur are the basis for assessing the threats from secondary contamination of waters due to their toxicity, bioavailability, possible migration, accumulation, and biomagnification. Samples of soils, bottom sediment, and water were collected from a number of rivers in southern Świętokrzyskie province (Kielce region, Poland) that flow through areas with different types of land use. Tessier's sequential extraction technique was used, assisted with microwave radiation and ultrasound. The levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb in the various extracts were determined using F-AAS and GF-AAS.
This paper presents the tasks, procedures and instrumental trends in analytics and monitoring of air pollution. The classification of methods and analytical techniques used for atmospheric air studies are also discussed.
The paper presents basic information on the preparation of environmental samples for trace analysis. Sample preparation is of utmost importance for the quality of analytical results and their usefulness for decision making in the area of environmental protection and management. The type and number of operations required for a given procedure is determined by the available information about the sample and the goal of the analytical determination (speciation analysis, determination of total parameters or elemental composition, etc.)
W pracy przedstawiono przykłady zastosowań roślinności do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia różnych elementów środowiska. W pierwszej części przedstawiono definicję biowskaźników i biomonitorów, kryteria ich doboru oraz wady i zalety tego sposobu monitorowania zanieczyszczeń. W drugiej części zebrano przykłady zastosowania typowej roślinności (alg, mchów, porostów, traw, roślin uprawnych oraz drzew i ich części) do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia powietrza, wody i gleby.
Within the framework of the International Odra Project, organic pollution (pes­ti­cides, volatile organic compounds, poly­cy­clic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated bi­phe­nyls, chlo­roben­zenes) of the Odra river and its tributaries were studied by a team from Gdask University of Technology. From August 1997 to May 2000 seven sample collections were conducted, i.e. one directly after the flood in 1997 (for sampling sites see map in Part I). During the study period the pollution of Odra river water with PAH, PCBs and pes­ti­cides in general did not exceed allowable levels. The highest concentration of volatile chloroorganic compounds was found in the sample from Brzeg Dolny.
Within the framework of the International Odra Project, the organic pollution level, i.e. with pesticides, volatile organic com­pounds, polycyclic aromatic hy­dro­car­bons, poly­chlo­ri­nated biphenyls, chlorobenzenes, in Odra river sediment was studied by a scientific team from Gdask University of Technology. From August 1997 to May 2000 seven sample collections were conducted, among others one imme­di­ately after the flood in 1997 (for sam­pling sites see map in Part I). The results of multi-annual in­ves­ti­gations indicate that Odra river sediments are not polluted with pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and volatile organic compounds. The main problem, particularly in the upper course of the Odra river, is caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in sediments.
As researchers involved in chromatography for 30 years we would like to present three approaches of implementation of principles of green chemistry into gas chromatography
This paper presents a discussion of fundamental problems of the speciation analytics of organometallic compounds occurring at low concentration levels in samples involving a complex matrix. It points out differences in analytical procedures for speciation analyses and those for determinations of total contents of a metal present in the studied sample in a number of different species.
Our study shows the importance of drinking water monitoring using simple but powerful visualization tools to better understand spatial variations in water quality. The paper reports Chernoff's Faces visualiza­tion approach applied for the classification of drinking water samples collected at twelve various districts of Gdańsk (Poland), over the period 1993-2000. A good visualization should give the viewer a rapid un­derstanding of the data and the phenomenon behind the data. The complex data matrix containig 1756 results of determination of disinfection by-products (THMs: CHCl3, CHBrCl2+C2HCl3, CHBr2Cl, CHBr3 and organohalogen compounds: CCl4, CH2Cl2, C2Cl4, C2H3Cl3) was successfully treated with Chernoff's ap­proach, yielding two different groups of similarity among the sampling sites, and reflecting different types of drinking water supplies (surface and groundwater).
The influence of roofing material on concentrations of pollutants in roof runoff waters and changes of pollution concentration in time were investigated. In field studies four roofing material types were taken into consideration: ceramic tile, bituminous membrane, asbestos tile, and zinc sheeting. Samples were collected from November 2007 to March 2008. Anions, cations, metals, PAHs, pesticides, and PCBs were determined. The existence of the first flush phenomenon for most pollutants was confirmed, with concentrations up to two orders of magnitude higher in first flush compared to steady state conditions. Time trends of pollutant concentration changes were observed. Additionally, analysis of a series of samples collected from melting snow accumulated on the roof showed an increase of organic pollutant concentrations during thaw.
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