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he quantity and quality of the herb material are reduced by pathogenic fungi. In the case of caraway this pathogen is Septoria carvi. In the vegetation periods the fungus occurs with varying intensity, which is related to the requirements of life. The present study found that the growth of fungal colonies is possible at the temperatures from 0 to 30°C, the optimum being from 20 to 25°C, and sporulation is possible at the temperatures from 10 to 30°C, with the optimum at 25°C. It was shown that the most useful medium for the isolation of S. carvi from caraway plants is malt medium and malt medium with decoction of the leaves of this plant. Pycnidia and conidia of the fungus, which are necessary to identify the species, are formed the fastest on the malt medium with decoction of the leaves or schizocarps of caraway and on PDA medium and it is these substrates that should be used for the cultivation of S. carvi.
The aim of present work was to determine pathogenicity of three Colletotrichum dematium isolates to caraway. The effect of post-culture liquids and water suspension of conidia on germination of caraway schizocarps was studied in laboratory conditions. The effect of C. dematium on shooting up and healthiness of the seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber using the method with infested soil and solidified plaster of culture medium overgrown by the mycelium of the pathogen. The studied isolates of fungus made the germination of parts of tested schizocarps impossible. On the other hand, all isolates caused necrosis of germs and roots of the other germinated schizocarps. The method with Colletotrichum dematium post-culture liquids was recognized as the best to a fast estimation of pathogenicity of fungus to caraway. Based on the positive results of pathogenicity tests the studied isolates of C. dematium were recognized as pathogenic to caraway. Considering this fact and repeated frequency of isolation of the fungus from various organs of this plant (M a c h o w i c z - S t e f a n i a k , 2010), C. dematium was recognized as a potentially pathogenic species to caraway.
The macroscopic and microscopic characterization of fungus S. carvi and information on the occurrence of the pathogen on caraway are described. The cultures of 10 isolates were chosen randomly from the professional collection gathered during the studies of caraway diseases in 2001-2006. Identification of the pathogen was carried out on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characterization in vivo and in vitro. The elements of fungi occurring on leaves, petioles, stems, umbels and schizocarps were studied in vivo. The cultures of fungus were studied on PDA medium at 24oC in dark conditions in vitro. Basing on macroscopic and microscopic characterization, the obtained isolates of the fungus were included in to Septoria carvi species. PDA medium was recognized as the best medium to cultivate and identification of S. carvi. The sizes of the fungus conidia obtained from PDA medium were approximate and comparable to those occurring on the host plant.
Iron, copper and cobalt belong to the group of elements necessary for living organisms, A metabolic relationship between these elements has been found (1, 2, 6, 11, M, 15, 16), Using the radiologic methods it has been proved that copper is necessary for assimilation, binding and storing of iron in the organism. Vitamin B₁₂ constituting a functional form of cobalt in the metabolism, causes quick transition of iron stored into hemoglobin or erythrocytes, thus accelerating their ripening, The presence of iron in the alimentary tract exerts in its turn a distinct effect on the vitamin B₁₂ resorption from the alimentary tract, increases the production of inner factor necessary for binding, transport and storage of this vitamin. The aim of the present work was to carry out observations on behaviour of iron, copper and vitamin B₁₂ level as a functional form of cobalt in the serum of healthy sheep in different physiological states.
The occurrence and harmfulness of fungi towards Pastinaca sativa L. parsnip of White Gem cultivar were determined in 2005–2007. The mycological analysis of schizocarps with spots and without spots, seedlings and plants at the time of harvest was conducted every year. The fungi were identified on the basis of etiological symptoms visible on the infected parts of plants and on the basis of the results of mycological analysis. Parsnip schizocarps were colonized by various fungi species. Larger frequency of occurrence and biodiversity of fungi species on plants at the time of the harvest was found as compared to the seedlings. The fungus Itersonilia pastinacae, recognized as a cause of black cancer of parsnip in the regions where this plant is cultivated, was isolated for the first time in Poland. Alternaria alternata, A. raphani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. solani and Stemphylium botryosum belonged to the species of fungi frequently isolated from various parts of this plant.
The pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme was examined in present work. Isolates of tested fungi originated from various herbs plants. The effect of Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids and water suspensions of Fusarium spp. spores on germination of thyme schizocarps was studied in the laboratory. The effect of Fusarium spp. on the shooting up and healthiness of seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber conditions using the method with infested soil. It was shown, that harmfulness of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme, regardless of the origins of fungi isolates, was expressed by inhibition of schizocarps germination and by limiting of seedlings numbers and their growth. The symptoms of infection were a necrosis of shoots and roots. Each of the three used methods of artificial infection of thyme secured direct contact of with the surface of schizocarps, shoots and roots of seedlings. However the method with Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids should be recommended to the fast estimation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity to thyme on account of occurrence of toxins, which are produced by fungi.
The aim of the present work was to determine the pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti isolates, obtained from various species of herbs, to lemon balm. Three different tests of pathogenicity were carried out. The effects of Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids and water suspension of conidia on germination of lemon balm schizocarps were studied in laboratory conditions. The effect of Fusarium spp. on shooting up and healthiness of seedlings was carried out in climatic chamber conditions using the method with infested soil. All the isolates of fungi species studied caused necrosis of shoots and roots, regardless of their origins. From among three methods of artificial infection used, the method with Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids secured a fast estimation of pathogenicity the fungi isolates to lemon balm. The studied isolates of Fusarium spp. were recognized as pathogenic to lemon balm on the base of positive results in pathogenicity tests and on the base of their earlier isolation from different organs: schizocarps, roots and the bases of stems, taken from the plantations of lemon balm.
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