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Amaranthus caudatus L. seed germination was studied under different levels of water deficit induced by PEG 6000 in laboratory conditions. PEG at osmotic potentials -0.2 to -0.3 MPa at 24°C in darkness delayed germination and reduced final germination percentage. PEG solutions at osmotic potential lower than -0.3 MPa almost totally blocked seed germination. Ethephon was much more effective than GA3 in reversing PEG-caused inhibition of A. caudatus seed germination. PEG decreased α-amylase activity after 14 h incubation. It decreased β-amylase activity after 14 and 20 h, and caused an increase in total dehydrogenase activity only after 20 h of incubation. Unlike GA3, ethephon increased α-amylase activity in seeds after 12 and 14 h of incubation under water deficit. After 20 h of incubation there was no difference in α-amylase activity in any of the treatments. Neither ethephon nor GA3 affected the activity of β-amylase and dehydrogenase.
This study assessed the effects of different doses of ethephon and gibberellin A3 on germination and α- and β-amylase activity in Amaranthus caudatus seeds exposed to different levels of salt stress. NaCl at 25 and 50 mM only delayed germination; at 75, 100 and 125 mM it caused 50%, 90% and 99.5% inhibition of Amaranthus caudatus seed germination. Both ethephon and GA3 (0.01, 0.1, 0.3 mM) effectively counteracted inhibition of seed germination under salinity. The stimulatory effect of ethephon appeared earlier, and the seeds were more sensitive to ethephon than to GA3. Ethephon enabled seed germination in the presence of all NaCl concentrations (75, 100, 125 mM) even after 24 h. GA3 alleviated inhibition caused by 75 and 100 mM NaCl until 48 h and did not affect reduction of germination caused by NaCl at 125 mM. NaCl (100 mM) reduced α- and β-amylase activity and seed germination after 14 h, and enhanced α-amylase activity after 20 h, although germination was reduced. Ethephon and GA3 increased α- but not β-amylase activity under salt stress during the first 14 h of incubation
A method for the synthesis of NaP1-type zeolite and analcime from Polish fly ash derived from hard coal combustion in pulverized-fuel boilers is applied in this paper. The zeolite synthesis was performed from Opole Power Plant fly ash (Elektrownia Opole S. A.), which were activated with aq 3.6% Na₂O (1.16 M NaOH) solution within 80 to 320°C. The NaP1-type zeolite and analcime crystallize at 120°C. As the synthesis temperature increases, the NaP1-type zeolite content rises, and for temperatures of 200 to 320°C the analcime share in the synthesis products becomes significant. The synthesizing capability of zeolites from fly ash has a positive impact on utilization of wastes coming from solid fuel combustion by converting the fly ash into valuable raw material and, simultaneously, accomplishing the lithosphere protection effect.
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