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1

Cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal exercise in 16-18-year-old trained and untrained boys

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Luszczyk M., Ziemann E., Grzywacz T., Laskowski R., Szczesna-Kaczmarek A.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
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2010
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tom 02
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nr 1
The aim of this study was to compare chosen parameters and coefficients characterizing the action of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system at a low level of a cycloergometric exercise in young boys practicing handball and their untrained peers. In the present study we searched for an answer to questions concerning the influence of physical training on children's organism in progressive youth development.The technique of parallel groups was used: the experimental one (boys training handball, n=12) and the control one (not trained boys, n=58). The developmental age of the subjects was evaluated by percentile charts. A five-minute work on a bicycle ergometer was used to observe reaction of the organism to submaximal exercise below AT. During the test the parameters characterizing the respiratory and cardiovascular systems were measured by means of a gas analyzer Oxycon Pro Jaeger (Viasys) and Breath by Breath program.We noted adapting changes in the circulatory system in young handball players. The group practicing handball showed a higher value of O2·HR-1 (p≤0.05) in comparison with the untrained boys. Oxygen deficit was higher in the trained group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the trained and untrained boys.Training during the biological progressive development causes adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system in the light of an increase in pulse oxygen (O2·HR-1) in submaximal work. Handball training during the biological progressive development causes an increase in oxygen deficit (Def. O2).
2

Asymmetry of muscle mass distribution in tennis players

100%
Rynkiewicz M., Rynkiewicz T., Zurek P., Ziemann E., Szymanik R.
Trends in Sport Sciences
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2013
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tom 20
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nr 1
Introduction. Tennis is a sport that requires asymmetric movements. Asymmetry in tennis pertains to the player carrying a racket and using it to hit the ball. An asymmetric tennis technique may lead to an asymmetric distribution of muscle mass and unbalanced muscle tonus. These disproportions will result in an improper body stature and may even cause irregularities in the skeletal structure. Aim of the Study. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of muscle mass asymmetry and its association with the dominant upper limb. Material and Methods. The study included 16 active tennis players: 15 right-handed and 1 left-handed. The control group (UN) comprised 16 non-training middle school pupils: 14 right-handed and 2 left-handed. Body composition was determined by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results. Signifi cant differences between the dominant and non-dominant arms in tennis players were observed. The players featured a higher muscle mass of the dominant upper limb compared to the non-dominant limb. Similar differences were not observed amongst the controls. The control group was characterized with markedly lower asymmetry than the tennis players in terms of muscle mass distribution in the upper limbs (p < 0.05). No signifi cant correlations were found between age or training experience and the asymmetry coeffi cient values. Conclusions. The study revealed a signifi cant infl uence of sport training on asymmetry in muscle mass distribution in the upper limbs.
3

Anaerobic power and dependence on chosen anthropometric parameters in young handball players

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Luszczyk M., Laskowski R., Ziemann E., Grzywacz T., Szczesna-Kaczmarek A.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
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2009
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tom 01
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nr 1
The main aim of the present study was an attempt to answer the enquiries concerning the influence of physical training on morphological changes (anthropometric indicators), capability of anaerobic work and their interactions with a natural development of youth in pubertal and post-pubertal age.  The technique of parallel groups was used: experimental (handball trained TR) and control (not trained NT). The research period comprised two consecutive years. Once per year selected somatic parameters, body composition, biological age, and anaerobic parameters were determined by means of 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Results have shown the high intensity of boys' biological development in circumpubertal age in response to several years of training handball. A further analysis indicated smaller dispersion of parameters describing the growth and physiological development of the TR group than in NT. The results suggest that handball training caused a significant improvement in morphological and functional indicators. Consequently, capabilities of physical effort increase and a more harmonic development is achieved. Moreover, the results have shown that capabilities of anaerobic work in the TR group have differently depended on the time of progressive development, whereas in the NT group there has been an increase in these capabilities in relation to the age of the examined boys. Several years of handball training did not influence the increase in anaerobic efficiency of pre-pubertal age boys. On the other hand, handball training in pubertal and post-pubertal age boys caused a statistically significant increase in maximum anaerobic power (MPWAnT). A high positive correlation between weight and MPWAnT confirms a relationship between anaerobic power and body growth during puberty.
4

The impact of 32 days' exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on physiological cost of sub-maximal work performed at the sea level

86%
Kujach S., Grzywacz T., Ziemann E., Szymczak R., Luszczyk M., Laskowski R.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
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2011
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tom 03
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nr 1
Many papers showed that long-lasting exposure to hypobaric hypoxia changed the metabolic cost of work and substrate contribution, elevating exercise energy expenditure and carbohydrates utilization. Only few of them have shown how long this adaptive changes are maintained. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of prolonged sojourn at high altitude on the physiological cost of sub-maximal work performed at the sea level.Eight members of two high altitude expeditions (Lenin Peak 7,134 m a.s.l. and Somoni Peak 7,495m a.s.l.), 7 males and 1 female, mean age 26 (±4.1) years, volunteered for this study. Aerobic performance was measured by a direct method (breath-by-breath) using an expiratory gas analyser (Oxycon Pro, Jaeger) with an incremental exercise test till exhaustion. The sea level examinations were performed 7 days before the expedition (BEx) and 7 days after (AEx) the last day at over 2,500m a.s.l. Participants spent 32 (±3) days over 2,500m a.s.l. at the mean altitude of 4,712m a.s.l. (±499m).Prolonged sojourn at high altitude has changed the ventilatory parameters of sub-maximal work measured at the sea level. The sojourn resulted in an increase in the ventilatory volume (tidal volume, minute ventilation and breath frequency) during the sub-maximal work performed with the same workload. However, the respiratory exchange ratio remained at a high level compared to the baseline.We suggest that the adaptive changes introduced during the sojourn remain at the sea level and cause increased carbohydrate metabolism.
5

Physical performance, body composition and body balance in relation to national ranking positions in young Polish tennis players

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Karnia M., Garsztka T., Rynkiewicz M., Rynkiewicz T., Zurek P., Luszczyk M., Sledziewska E., Ziemann E.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
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2010
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tom 02
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nr 2
Tennis is characterized with short and intermittent efforts of an altering intensity and time where numerous factors determine the achieved success. Some of them include human's morphological body build, motor abilities and efficiency of the energetic systems. Both motor abilities and physical capacity appear to be particularly significant due to the unpredictable time and weather situation of the tournaments. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition, aerobic capacity and the balance in young tennis players at rest and during fatigue triggered by an endurance test. Moreover, we tried to find the correlation between the tennis ranking position and the balance.Well-trained 16 young tennis players (15 and 17 years old, singles national ranking 3-39, average training experience of 9 years) took part in this study. They were assigned to two groups according to their age - 15 TG and 17 TG. Participants completed the same battery of body composition, aerobic, and body balance assessments. Body balance measurement was repeated twice - before and after the aerobic assessment.The main finding of this study points out the body balance to be a motor ability influencing results achieved in the specific tennis drill. This connection was observed in both of the tested groups; however, it was particularly significant within 17 TG.The presented study does not point out the main factor to focus on when conducting a career of a professional tennis player regardless of the numerous tests and measurements included in the analysis observed. Interesting correlations may suggest that for the players in a developmental age it is speed and balance that ought to be more intensively developed.
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