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n order to improve the efficiency of marine economic production and realize the sustainable and healthy development of marine economy, the spatial-temporal and dynamic evolution trend of marine economic green production efficiency in coastal areas of China is analysed by means of SFA basic model, coefficient of variation, coefficient of Gini and entropy method. It mainly includes three aspects: the result analysis of marine economy green production efficiency; the dynamic trend analysis of marine economy green production efficiency; the analysis of factors affecting marine economy green production efficiency. The results show that the factors affecting the total factor productivity of the marine economy are: development level of marine economy, marine material capital, level of opening to the outside world, marine industrial structure, marine human capital and marine environmental governance
Two new species of oribatid mites, Sandenia (Porokalumma) elongata sp. nov. (Parakalummidae) and Pergalumna distincta sp. nov. (Galumnidae), are described and illustrated from Xiao Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China.
Thalassaphorura is reported for the first time in Northwest China. Four members of the genus were recorded, including three new species (T. qinlingensis sp. nov., T. bisetosa sp. nov., T. petiti sp. nov.) and one known species (T. pornorskii Sun, Chen et Deharveng, 2010). All-three new species possess modified chaetae (male ventral organ) on ventral tube - a character rarely present in congeners. Apart from this, T. bisetosa sp. nov. is characterized by an unique feature - only two small dental chaetae on the furcal area, which differentiates it from all other known Thalassaphorura.
Background: In view of the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human diseases and the high incidence of osteoarthritis, we investigated the role of long non-coding RNA activated by transforming growth factor-β (lncRNA-ATB) in osteoarthritis and explored its diagnostic value for this disease. Methods: The study involved 98 patients with osteoarthritis and 76 healthy subjects. Blood was extracted from each participant and the expression of lncRNA-ATB in the serum was detected using quantitative Real Time -PCR. ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of lncRNA-ATB for osteoarthritis. Based on the median serum level of lncRNA-ATB, patients were divided into a high-level group and a low-level group. Correlations between the serum levels of lncRNA-ATB and basic information about the patients were analyzed using the chi-square test. LncRNA-ATB overexpression in human chondrocyte cell line CHON-001 (ATCC CRL2846) was established to study the effects on chondrocyte proliferation (using the CCK-8 assay) and viability. Results: LncRNA-ATB expression was significantly downregulated in the serum of osteoarthritis patients compared with the healthy controls, meaning this downregulation effectively distinguished osteoarthritis patients from healthy subjects. LncRNA-ATB expression in the serum was not significantly affected by the patients’ gender, age or habits, including smoking and alcohol consumption. LncRNA-ATB overexpression activated Akt signaling, promoted proliferation and increased the viability of the chondrocytes. Conclusion: We conclude that downregulation of lncRNA-ATB in serum is a reliable diagnostic marker for osteoarthritis and that this lncRNA participates in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by regulating the proliferation and viability of chondrocytes through the activation of Akt signaling.
Background: Osteoarthritis is characterized by the continuous degradation of the articular cartilage. The microRNA miR-448 has been found to be broadly involved in cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and EMT. While aberrant expression of miR-448 has been found in multiple cancers, its level in osteoarthritis cartilage and its role in the progression of this disease are still unknown. Here, we examined the functional roles of miR-448 and its expression in osteoarthritis tissues, including IL-1β-stimulated osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage and stimulated with IL-1β. The expression levels of miR-448 in the cartilage and chondrocytes were both determined. After transfection with an miR-448 mimic or inhibitor, the mRNA levels of aggrecan, type II collagen and MMP-13 were determined. Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to explore whether matrilin-3 was a target of miR-448. Furthermore, we co-transfected chondrocytes with miR-448 inhibitor and siRNA for matrilin-3 and then stimulated them with IL-1β to determine whether miR-448-mediated IL-1β-induced cartilage matrix degradation resulted from directly targeting matrilin-3. Results: The level of miR-448 was significantly higher and matrilin-3 expression was significantly lower in osteoarthritis cartilage and IL-1β-induced chondrocytes than in normal tissues and cells. Furthermore, matrilin-3 expression was reduced by miR-448 overexpression. MiR-448 downregulation significantly alleviated the IL-1β-induced downregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen expression, and upregulation of MMP-13 expression. MiR-448 overexpression had the opposite effects. Knockdown of matrilin-3 reversed the effects of the miR-448 inhibitor on the expressions of aggrecan, type II collagen and MMP-13. Conclusion: The findings showed that miR-448 contributed to the progression of osteoarthritis by directly targeting matrilin-3. This indicates that it has potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which belong to the class of brominated flame-retardants, are widely used in industrial products. PBDEs have been detected in varied environmental matrices and they can induce various toxicities such as neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and endocrine-disrupting effects in animals. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), and their mixtures on the endocrine system, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of brain, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of liver in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Fish were exposed to BDE-153 (0.2-100 mg/kg in food), 2,4-DBP (0.2-100 mg/kg in food), and their mixture for seven days. BDE-153 alone or in combination with 2,4-DBP significantly reduced brain AChE activity and increased liver EROD activity while no significant effects were observed for 2,4-DBP alone. The simultaneously elevated GST and SOD activities were found at higher doses of BDE-153 and 2,4-DBP (alone and in combination), and exhibited obvious positive correlation (0.76
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop growth and yield worldwide. Barley is a species with higher salt tolerance among cereal plants and rich in genetic variation. It is quite important to understand the physiological mechanisms of genotypic difference in salt tolerance. In this study, physiological and biochemical responses of a Tibetan wild barley genotype XZ16 (salt tolerant) and a cultivated cultivar Yerong (salt sensitive) to salt stress were investigated. The results showed that the two genotypes differed dramatically in their responses to salt stress (150 and 300 mM NaCl) in terms of plant biomass, Na+ accumulation and Na+/K+ ratio in roots and shoots, chlorophyll content, xylem sap osmolarity and electrolyte leakage. XZ16 showed less biomass reduction, lower Na+/K+ ratio and electrolyte leakage, higher xylem sap osmolarity, and vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities than Yerong under 300 mM NaCl. The higher salt tolerance of XZ16 may be attributed to its lower concentration of Na+ influx or more sequestration into the vacuoles. The results indicate that the Tibetan wild barley is useful for improvement of cultivated barley in salt stress tolerance.
Al-activated organic acid transporter genes (ALMT and MATE) and plasma membrane H?-ATPase gene (PHA) are known to contribute to the regulation of organic acid secretion in several crops. However, it remains unclear how these genes interact to modulate organic acid exudation in the same plant species. In this study, Al-induced expression of genes (GmALMT1, GmMATE1 and GmPHA1), secretion of organic acid and root elongation were characterized in soybean roots. Results indicated that treatment with 50 lM Al activated the expression of GmALMT1, GmMATE1 and GmPHA1, and the exudation of citrate and malate significantly in apical 5 mm region of soybean seedlings, but inhibited root elongation by 57.8 %. The highest malate exudation rate and the maximal expression of GmALMT1 and GmPHA1 were observed after 2 h of 50 lM Al treatment, while the corresponding values for citrate exudation rate and GmMATE1 expression occurred at 8 h. The exudation of malate and citrate contributed to but could not recover Al-triggered root elongation. A root-split experiment indicated that Al-activated gene expression, organic acid secretion and root growth inhibition required the direct contact of Al3?. The removal of shoots in soybean seedlings decreased Al-activated gene expression by 26.1–40.5 %, and secretion of organic acid by 14.7–40.2 %. Furthermore, shoot excision aggravated Al-inhibited root elongation, indicating the existence of other Al tolerance mechanism except the exudation of organic acid. These results suggested that Al-activated expression of GmPHA1-, GmMATE1- and GmALMT1-mediated exudation of malate and citrate, and shoots played an important role in Al toxicity resistance in soybean roots.
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to elucidate the difference in growth and cell ultrastructure between Tibetan wild and cultivated barley genotypes under moderate (150 mM NaCl) and high (300 mM NaCl) salt stress. The growth of three barley genotypes was reduced significantly under salt stress, but the wild barley XZ16 (tolerant) was less affected relative to cultivated barley Yerong (moderate tolerant) and Gairdner (sensitive). Meanwhile, XZ16 had lower Na⁺ and higher K⁺ concentrations in leaves than other two genotypes. In terms of photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, salt stress reduced maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/ Fm), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intracellular CO₂ concentration (Ci). XZ16 showed relatively smaller reduction in comparison with the two cultivated barley genotypes. The observation of transmission electron microscopy found that fundamental cell ultrastructure changes happened in both leaves and roots of all barley genotypes under salt NaCl stress, with chloroplasts being most changed. Moreover, obvious difference could be detected among the three genotypes in the damage of cell ultrastructure under salt stress, with XZ16 and Gairdner being least and most affected, respectively. It may be concluded that high salt tolerance in XZ16 is attributed to less Na⁺ accumulation and K⁺ reduction in leaves, more slight damage in cell ultrastructure, which in turn caused less influence on chloroplast function and photosynthesis.
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